What are the sections of human beings who will return to the lunar manned moon to land on the moon?

Today, 50 years have passed since the last time human beings left from the moon ...

Source ｜ Science and Technology Daily

Author ｜ Wu Ji

Edit ｜ Zhang Runqi

Artemis plans to land in the Moon Antarctic. Three reasons: First of all, there are some of the Moon Antarctic in Antarctica that cannot be illuminated by the sun, permanent dark meteorite pits, and the bottom of these meteorite pits may exist. The highlands you can get the sun can be continuously obtained, and will not be troubled by long -term moonlits. Finally, due to continuous light, the temperature in the region does not change much, which can greatly reduce the difficulty of developing moving moving moon landing technical facilities.

Today, 50 years have passed since the last time humans have left from the moon, and humans have never been to the moon. In 2004, the U.S. government proposed to return to the moon in its new space exploration plan, and used this as a springboard to implement the manned landing on the Mars plan, announcing that its return to the moon plan was launched again. In 2017, NASA officially launched the Artemis program, which aims to achieve human return to the moon in 2024.

The recent "Space Launch System" (SLS) heavy rocket, which has received much attention, is a key step for the United States to return to the moon.

The moon login of the moon, there are benefits and disadvantages

Unlike Apollo's plan, Artemis plans to land on the Antarctic of the moon. Recently, NASA announced the pre -selected landing area near the Antarctica of the Antarctica of 13 months. There are three main reasons for choosing Antarctica.

First, there are some meteorites that cannot be illuminated by the sun that cannot be illuminated by the sun all year round. After the radar echo detection, scientists judge that water ice may exist at the bottom of these meteoritic pits. If scientists' inferences are confirmed, these water ice can not only support the needs of future human moon bases for water, but also extract hydrogen and oxygen through electrolytic water to provide fuel for rocket engines. You know, the production of fuel from the moon to the spacecraft is much cheaper than bringing these fuels from the earth, which can greatly reduce the cost of human exploration of deep space.

Secondly, the highland that can be illuminated by the sun that can be illuminated by the sun can be continuously exposed to the sun. The each year's continuous light time can even reach 10 months. There is no moon night in the low latitudes of the moon.

Third, due to continuous light, the temperature in the area does not change much. Unlike the low latitudes of the moon, the temperature difference between day and night will exceed 250 degrees Celsius. This can greatly reduce the technical difficulty of R & D people's moon landing technical facilities, such as life support systems, aerospace uniform design, etc.

Nevertheless, there are many unfavorable factors to land in Antarctica of the moon and build human research and living bases there. First of all, there is no flat moon sea, high mountain canyon, and it will be very difficult to land and take off. Therefore, the requirements for landing opportunities are high. Once you miss the original landing point, you can find another flat alternative landing point for the next landing point. Very small. Secondly, there is not much room for flat activity on the highland, which is not conducive to moving the manned lunar car. In addition, the sunshine is not seen at the bottom of the permanent dark meteorite pit with water ice. Therefore, the energy supply of the detection of water ice and the energy supply of mining machinery must be provided from the base of the highlands. Therefore Facilities must be built in advance to enter the extraction and fuel production stage of water ice.

Once you overcome the cold moon night, the moon sea may be more suitable for establishing a base

In contrast, if the manned moon landing and future base construction are selected in the moon sea of ​​the north latitude and middle latitude of the moon, except that there is no high water ice, moon and night energy demand, and large temperature difference between day and night. Others are advantages. For example, the terrain in the moon and the sea is flat, which is very suitable for the take -off and landing of the spacecraft. It is also convenient for the long -distance driving of the human moon vehicle and expand the scope of personnel activities. In addition, there are a large number of oxides in the moon soil of the moon, and the oxygen fuel can be refined through the reduction method, but the complexity is higher than the extraction from the water, and more energy is consumed. And in the near future, once the relevant technology matures, you can also extract nuclear clustering fuel-3 from the moon's moon soil.

Landing in the middle of the moon in the middle latitude, the biggest difficulty is to overcome the cold moon night with 14 earth days. However, there are currently many related research work being unfolding, providing feasible solutions for the monthly night problem. For example, at high temperatures on the month, the large amount of thermal energy on the moon surface is stored and slowly released during the month of the month; and the use of silicon in the moon to build a large area and high -sensitivity solar windsurfing on the spot, so that it is during the month of the month, and during the month of the month, it is during the month of the month. You can also use the earth's reflection of sunlight to generate a certain amount of electricity; there is a lunar satellite with solar reflex mirrors on the lunar orbit, reflecting solar light to the large -scale solar windsurfing of the base for power generation. Of course, if a small -scale safe nuclear power plant can break through its key technologies as soon as possible, it can be easier to solve the problem of monthly night energy demand for mid -latitude moon bases.

As for the living water of astronauts, it does not seem to be a big problem. Because according to the recycling technology developed by the Earth Rail Space Station, the circulation utilization rate of water can reach about 90%, coupled with the continuous water supply of the moon from the earth, the living water of astronauts can be satisfied.

In summary, in addition to the Moon Antarctic landing plan that NASA is paying attention to, the establishment of a manned moon landing base in the north latitude and middle latitude of the moon has also attracted more and more relevant institutions. Research. With the implementation of various moon landing plans, the goal of human beings in the near future will definitely become a reality. As an indispensable measure in the great rejuvenation journey of the Chinese nation, it is also an inevitable choice for the development of the manned space planning plan. With the completion of the task construction of the China Earth Rail Space Station and entering the application stage, China has also begun to demonstrate the next stage of the load of the next stage One of the important goals of people's aerospace mission is to carry the moon to the moon. The dream of the Chinese people will become a reality in the future.

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Technological innovation reduces cost and promotes the "return" of the manned moon landing plan

Why never board the moon after the Apollo plan? In fact, the most important problem is funding. In the era of the "Space hegemony" in the United States and Soviet, due to political reasons, the US government invested a lot of funds in the Apollo plan. At the peak, 6.5%of the government budget was invested in the Apollo plan. However, after that, political needs are no longer so urgent, and the political significance of continuing to land on the moon has been greatly reduced, and the US government will not take out so much money to invest in projects for space exploration.

People can't help but ask, the technical capabilities of the past 1960s may need to spend huge amounts of funds for the moon landing. Now the technology has been more advanced than then, does it cost so much money? This is to talk about the characteristics of government aerospace mission. The government aerospace mission is always one to ensure that the taxpayer's money is spent, especially the manned space task, and it cannot make any mistakes. Although so many years have passed, the characteristics of government aerospace mission have not changed. Therefore, although technology has improved, the cost of tasks has not decreased, even higher than before. This is why 50 years have passed, and humans have not returned to the moon again. Even at the time, the Rockets with the largest thrust of human beings so far, Saturn 5, the largest thrust, no longer existed.

However, this situation has changed in recent years. On the one hand, commercial aerospace has gradually emerged. Due to the different sources of funding and the promotion of the market, the cost of human beings entering space through technological innovation and recycling and recycling technology has dropped, and it has now dropped to 1/10 of the government aerospace cost; On the other hand, Europe, Japan, China, and India have launched a moderate moon exploration plan with moderate funds. In particular, China’s "Chang'e Project" has been successfully implemented several times in a row, and three of which were successfully landed, and one successfully brought lunar samples back to Earth. These plans broke to varying degrees The United States and the Soviet Union's monopoly on the exploration of the moon and the pressure of "space competition" have also forced countries to accelerate the testing and research and development of related technologies, and indirectly promoted the implementation of the manned moon landing plan.

(The author is the chairman of the Chinese Space Science Society and the former director of the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)

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