Aliens call?Don't answer!

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No one knows whether the number of alien civilization is more or less. The concepts such as "big filter" limit the existence of alien civilization. But some scientists believe that the number of high civilizations in the universe is proportional to their average life expectancy. The average life span of civilization can be from a century to millions of years. Those civilizations that have continued millions of years must have developed into a highly developed civilization. Therefore, the closest alien civilization may be close to the detection of electromagnetic signals or captured by our telescope. In the traditional sense, scientists believe that the distance between foreign civilization is about 200 light years away from us.

Even Darwin pointed out that not all individuals had the same characteristics at the beginning. Therefore, the influence of the power of survival on individuals and species is not equal. Some mutations are always proven to be more adapted to survival, and it is easier to survive than other mutations. In the process of exploring interstellar life and its forms, we (humans) have developed many theories to solve the mystery of life hidden. One of the theories is the dark forest, which is terrifying that it will make people goosebumps.

Before introducing the theory of Dark Forest, let's understand a few important key concepts. These concepts are equally important as the dark forest theory, and they are also the background of this hypothesis.

These concepts include:

Drek equation

The eight terms below have led to a revolution in searching for alien civilization. They are:

N = r* · fp · ne · fl · fi · fc · L

N is the number of civilizations that can communicate with humans;

R*is the average rate formed by the star;

FP is the proportion of stars with planets in all stars;

NE is the average of livable planets in each star of each planet;

FL is the proportion of life in livable planets;

FI is the proportion of wisdom life in the planet with life;

L is the average evolution time of all civilizations that can communicate with the outside world.

Scientists such as Frank Drake have developed a formula that can estimate the probability of alien life. This formula (Drake equation) is used to estimate the number of external civilizations that are active and external communication capabilities in the Milky Way. The Drake equation summarizes the possibility of a radio signal issued by the alien civilization.

However, scientists have not yet found a radio signal that can clearly prove the existence of aliens. (Although we have detected several suspected radio waves, these evidence is not sufficient.)

Fermi Paradox -In the search for aliens, an eternal hot topic

This paradox says that there are billions of stars in the Milky Way -there must be some stars with ground planets -some of these stars must be far older than our sun — so they are millions of years ago they. It may have bred a wise life -some wisdom life may have been exploring interstellar travel -so aliens have visited the earth a long time ago -but people have not found exact evidence of aliens visit.

Numerous potential livable planets and no progressive life search constitute two aspects of Fermi paradox, and have been supported by experience data. The first assertion, that is, a considerable number of livable planets, were proposed by Fermi, and due to frequent appearances of foreign planets, this assertion was supported by theoretical support. According to the existing model, there are billions of livable planets in the galaxy. For the second part of the Fermi paradox, that is, the evidence of the existence of alien life, scientists are conducting research. Studies include general search for any form of life, as well as the emphasis on wisdom life. Since 1960, scientists have conducted many similar studies.

You may think that the Fermi paradox looks just a reasoning process. Yes, it is indeed a reasoning process, a very complicated reasoning process.

method

From 1950 to 1970, scientists believed that life was evolved in an island -like environment, so physical exchanges were considered impossible. The only way to communicate is through electromagnetic signals. Therefore, many projects such as SETI, OZMA, and CETI (translation: all are early alien exploration projects) and other projects are launched to launch signals to deep air.

But so far, no electromagnetic waves called alien or mysterious signals have been accurately confirmed. The so -called "big silence" -the evidence that lacks the existence of extraterrestrial civilization (an article "David Bollinger" The Dispute -About Dispute on Outblowing Smart Life ") -grimity The way.

Moos information. This includes sending radio signals to Venus with Moos. Scientists still believe that Venus may be suitable for residence at the time. Another method is to use radio signals: active Seti (Active Search for Extra-Terrestric Intelligence, actively search for outdoor wisdom life) project tried to send information to intelligent extraterrestrial life. Active seti information is usually sent in the form of radio signals.

Similar to METI (MESSAGING to Extraterrestric Intelligence, send information to alien wisdom). Seti studies the information from aliens. Meti is responsible for creating information and transmitting to aliens. A message from METI said: "You are not alone!"

We expect the type of alien life:

Scientists have not made precise definitions of life. In addition, there is no single method to define the existence of life. When talking about life, we think of the life on the earth, but alien life may be different. For example, we believe that life has the following characteristics: carbon base, film, energy consumption, liquid water, and perform cell division, growth, reproduction and metabolic activities, and so on.

Primary organism: It is a single -cell creature, such as bacteria.

Scientist Hoyle and his team proposed a theory related to single -cell life. He found 3 ~ 9 μm infrared characteristics of frozen -dried E. coli in the signal received by the telescope -this means that the single -cell creature that may be adapted to deep space life in space.

Smart creatures: For example, we, or dolphins, chimpanzees, apes, or humans -similar to our own species.

Smart creatures: Smart life means acting with wisdom, for example, the Romans view the goddess Mena as wisdom.

Unknown/unspeakable/fast and more advanced: we can not even predict these alien creatures. We don't know what they may have.

Carl Sagan of Corl Sagan of Cornell conducted a large number of laboratory research, trying to simulate the surface and atmospheric chemistry of planets, satellites and comets. These findings show that under the various observations of the solar system, common energy (such as ultraviolet radiation and discharge) can promote a large number of complex organic molecules, including chemical components in life forms. These discoveries were initially questioned. It is currently known that these complex organic matter exists in the huge interior of the nebula and the surface of many planets outside the solar system. There seems to be a lot of puppets that constitute life in the universe. Sagan believes that life is everywhere.

benefit

Scientists are looking for the benefits of finding alien life. —— not just humans, the same is true of other species. —— not just other earth species, but the entire universe. We must first serve Earth's life (including all species)! Our requirements are:

Technology -If the aliens reach the earth, it will show that they have technical advantages. We will never miss the opportunity to fly out of the galaxy by flying from their flying saucers.

Contact -we don't want to survive alone. Over the years, we have been in the corner of the universe and know nothing else. We want to get out of this abyss, we want the entire universe to be peaceful.

Our survival -our resources are limited. Over time, our population will grow. The only earth is not enough to meet our needs. With the help of our alien brothers and sisters, we can survive under extreme conditions (when the end of the world comes). This survival point is the core idea of ​​the dark forest theory.

Explore space -maybe go to other galaxies for vacation -who doesn't want to? I think. you think. Everyone thinks.

Once you contact the aliens, we may broaden our vision through their advanced technology and understand the unsolved mystery of the universe. These are the benefits of communicating with outside civilization. Now let's talk about what must be kept in mind "before communication."

Dark Forest theory

The word comes from the series of novels of Chinese science fiction writer Liu Cixin. Dark Forest assumes that aliens are silent, which explains why we did not hear aliens. The main point of this theory is:

"The universe is a dark forest. Each civilization is a hunter with guns. It sneaks in the forest like a ghost, gently pulls away the trees that block the road. Be careful, because there are hunters who sneak like him everywhere in the forest. If he finds other lives, whether it is a hunter or an angel or a devil, whether it is a delicate baby or a faltering old man, whether The girl is still a heavenly boy, and can only do one thing: shot and eliminate? In this forest, others are hell, eternal threat, and any life that exposes it will be destroyed soon. This is The picture of the cosmic civilization, this is the explanation of Fermi paradox. "

——Liu Cixin, "Dark Forest"

There are two foundations for this concept:

Survival is the first need for each civilization

Civilization is growing and expanding

Even theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking said that humans must maintain silence to avoid attracting aliens' attention. Because alien civilization may be attracted by the earth, they have a faster means of light to find our valuable resources.

The importance of dark forest theory

The dark forest theory provides a new dimension for thinking. We don't know that the highly advanced alien civilization is an enemy or friend. These civilizations may see us as partners, hunters and even prey. The resources required for survival are very scarce, and each such civilization urgently needs to obtain resources to expand and survive. Now, we know that there is a reason for the silence in space -maybe highly developed civilizations are afraid of being discovered -this may be why they have not sent any signals so far. The lack of understanding between our civilization and alien civilization may cause doubt. We can't know the true intentions of alien species, and they can't know our intentions. Therefore, in this case, considering attacking other civilizations will be considered a wise choice. In this way, the assumptions of the dark forest may see the light of reality. Moreover, the most wise decision is to keep silent and not expose themselves.

Darwin's theory of evolution and dark forests have some similarity. Darwin's natural selection theory is based on three important factors: mutation, reproduction and inheritance. Mutations are closely related to survival. Changes in the physical characteristics of organisms are often conducive to the survival struggle of a species. These changes are preserved and passed on, because individuals with these mutations can often survive. The situation of Dark Forest Theory is similar. The dark forest hypothesis reminds us of the survival instinct. It also pointed out that the survival of the fittest not only applies to our planet, but also for the entire universe. It is necessary to give appropriate considerations when communicating outside space ...

Author: Victor Bhaura

Translation: Tibetan idiot

Grade: NOR

Original link: Dark Forest theory — why we should never meet aliens?

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Today we will send out the Oxford science science series "Quantum Physics" provided by Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press.

Around 1900, physicists discovered particles like electronics, protons and neutrons. These findings are recognized so that they can predict the internal behavior of the atom. However, when they compared the results of the prediction with the actual experimental results, the principles of classic physics and mechanics were far from explaining the phenomenon of atomic scale. The formation of this understanding has made the appearance of quantum physics a one of the most important intellectual movements in human history. Today, quantum physics is ubiquitous: it explains how our computer works, how laser is transmitted through the Internet, and allows scientists to accurately predict the behavior of almost all particles in nature. The use of physics has always been the basis of investigating the most extensive problems related to our world and the universe.

Although it is well known that the fields and principles of quantum physics can be almost applied infinitely, it is not easy to understand the root cause of this situation. In this book, quantum physicist Michael G. Raymer extracted the basic principles of this abstract field, and proposed in many aspects that quantum physics is a key factor in today's science. Essence

Interactive question: Do you know what the theory that originated from science fiction novels and had a wide range of influence on the mainstream scientific community?

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Translation content only represents the author's point of view

Does not represent the position of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Edit: Tibetan idiot

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