Does non -green plants also have powder spread?Researchers have a new discovery

Speaking of green plants, everyone must be familiar with. Generally, the plants we know are basically green plants, such as green algae, wheel algae, and other terrestrial plants. For green plants, we can always say one or two characteristics of them, such as seed plants to pass powder, and most of the land plant paste depends on the help of small animals.

It seems that it has been rumored to have formed a self -explanatory binding with the green plants. Have you ever wondered whether it is exclusive to the green plant? Is there a phenomenon of spreading before the emergence of green plants? Will non -green plants be passed on?

If you are also interested in these issues, then enter the journey of exploring today and find the answer together ~

Can underwater plants be passed on?

The history of green plants is very long, with differentiation with other true nuclear creatures about 1 billion years ago. Earlier 1.2 billion years ago, the ocean occupied most of the earth, and red algae developed at this time.

Red algae occupied the main body of the earth's self -cultivation during a long geological history, until about 500 million years ago, green plants began to land from the ocean. But even today, the 70%surface of the earth on the earth is still flourishing in the "algae" of different categories, such as asquoologen, red algae, and a variety of green algae.

Picture source: Sun Zhongmin, Institute of Ocean, Institute of Ocean, Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Seeing someone here may ask, why is the algae's vitality so tenacious? How do they reproduce? Could it be passed through powder?

In our impression, it generally occurs only in seed plants. However, in fact, the broad -minded "flour" can be defined as the process of passing the fertilization of the sexual and germ bodies that pass to the organs containing the female body.

For example, there are some types of fungi and moss that requires animals to pass the male matching to the position of the female matching, so as to complete the fertilization process.

At present, the plant species that realize powder passed through the media occupy the majority of the earth's land plants, and about 87.5%of the quilt plants depend on animal paste. For example, the most familiar bee to pick honey is a typical powder for spreading the powder.

Picture source: veer

However, do these plants have pollen underwater? Are they also passed through animals?

In fact, in the aquatic environment, the aquatic quilt plants, like the quilt plants on the land, also have pollen. The sinking aquatic quilt can often be passed through the water flow, and the pollen of the aquatic quilt plants is suitable for the spread of water flow. Usually Seeing silk and band -shaped.

However, there are also pollen like land quilt plants. This is more suitable for animal flour, such as Tailai grass, which can spread powder through marine -footed animals.

Therefore, it is not the exclusive right of the land plants, and the underwater plants can also spread powder ~

When will the phenomenon of powder be risen?

Through the above answers, we know that underwater plants can also pass powder. With the spirit of seeking truth and pragmatic, we can ask further questions -a phenomenon of spreading powder before the origin of green plants or before landing from the aquatic environment? Does the common red algae in the ocean have a phenomenon similar to the passenger of quilt plants?

According to statistics, there are currently more than 7,000 red algae worldwide, including seaweed and stone cauliflower, etc., which are photosynthetic self -cultivation.

Picture source: Sun Zhongmin, Institute of Ocean, Institute of Ocean, Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The sexual reproduction of red algae is an oval reproductive, and the mature sperm released by the sperm sac, reaches the female organ of the female organ with the media, and contacts the essence at the top of the fruit cell. Complete the fertilization process and form a coexist.

Red algae reproductive cells do not have whip and hair, and their ability to swim in the water is poor, which indicates that red algae is likely to be passed through the animal medium to spread and reproduce.

This conjecture was confirmed by scientific researchers. Recently, Lavaut and others from the University of Sorbon and Chilean University from France conducted strict control experiments. The researchers used red algae and other crustaceans as research objects, controlled red algae plant and male plant, as well as whether there were any or not. Waiting for variables such as cachops and other variables, four types of control are performed.

The results showed that the treatment of crustaceans had a high reproductive success rate, and the treatment of the bellies of the feet could not be effectively reproduced.

From this conclusion, the algae of the red algae Shanzanukuka River, the algae of the algae of the limb animal door, the gill lice lice cover the gill lice of the gill lice, the animal to realize the male parts to the female organs, thereby Complete the fertilization process.

In short, no -waiting crustaceans can help red algae spread.

This discovery is of great significance, and non -green plants can achieve new discovery of animal powder in the aquatic environment. The discovery of the phenomenon of powder in red algae has greatly expanded the scope of animal passing group.

It can also be launched, because red algae originated from 1.2 billion years ago, and the feet of the feet of the shells originated 300 million years ago. Therefore, this original mutual benefit relationship may have 300 million years or even longer.

The mutual help of the red algae and the feet of the chito animals

The research by Lavaut et al. Make people's perception of the relationship between fans' interaction have expanded from land to a wider underwater world.

And due to the high diversity of red algae species, this type of powder phenomenon may have high universality in the ocean, which means that a large number of similar interaction relationships may not be revealed.

The reason why we call it mutual benefit is that it is not only the red algae side that benefits from the benefit of animal powder, but the mutual benefit. For example, red algae can provide a living environment that can be attached to the feet. Avoid being prefeted and rushed away by the ocean flow. Instead, you can clean up the red algae leaves, promote the growth of red algae, and wait for the feet of the bellfish to spread powder for red algae, which is a necessary condition for the sexual reproduction of red algae.

Therefore, we can refer to this system as "dual mutual benefit relationship", and the feet believer and red algae form a mutually beneficial ecological relationship with red algae.

The dual mutually beneficial relationship picture for the formation of red algae in the ocean and the formation of diatoms and diatoms Source: Author self -made

The mutual benefit in nature is the method of survival of animals and plants, but we need to know that most red algae grows on the coastal belt, and these environments are exactly the area where human interference and climate change have the greatest impact. Water acidification and pollution are also extremely sensitive.

Therefore, these important interaction relationships in the ocean may have been seriously threatened by global changes when we have not recognized it. Therefore, the protection of species in the marine environment is urgent, and we must take action immediately!

Produced: Popular Science China

Author: Ren Zongxin (Institute of Kunming Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Producer: China Science Popularization Expo

Edit: Wang Tingting

references:

1. Lavant E., Guillemin M. L., COLIN S., FAURE A., Coudret J., Destombe C., Valero M. Pollinators of the Sea: A Discovery of Animal-Mediated Fertilization in SeaWeed. Science (2022).

2. Ollerton J. Pollinators & Pollining: Nature and Society.

3. Ollerton J., Ren, Z. X. DID POLLINATION Exist Before Plants? Science 377: 471-472 (2022).

4、van Tussenbroek, B., Villamil, N., Márquez-Guzmán, J., Wong, R., Verónica Monroy-Velázquez, L., Solis-Weiss, V. Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna. Nature Communications 7, 12980 (2016). Https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12980

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