"Cobalt" brave, breaking into a mineral barrier

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Know the cobalt ~

Cobalt is located in the 4th cycle of the element cycle table and the VIII family. It belongs to the transitional element and is a neighbor of iron. However, the popularity of cobalt is far lower than iron. Compared with iron products everywhere in life, cobalt is obviously strange. With the development of low -carbon energy technology and the adjustment of national energy structure, cobalt will be used as key metals in new energy batteries in the future, and will enter our lives more. However, cobalt's crust is low, and it is difficult to converge into mines.

Next, please follow the editor to see how the "cobalt" brave, how to bring the unique "cobalt" nine swords, break into the wall barrier.

A sword 钴: The discovery of cobalt- The ancient monster in "cobalt"

The prototype of cobalt is an iron, which is now extended to cobalt elements. English is "COBALT", "Kobold" from German, which means "little devil". Because in the early (1733) German miners, when smelting the ore of the silver mine (Figure 1), the toxic gases were released, causing the poisoning of the miners, so that "cobalt" has a title of a demon. Until 1780, Bergman, a Swedish chemist, found that this ore actually contain silver -white cobalt sulfide -COASS. After heating, a cobalt ore generates sulfur and arsenic gas (mainly H2S and ASH3) is the culprit that causes poisoning. Therefore, "cobalt" has eliminated the notorious "demon".

Figure 1 is very similar to the cobalt ore of silver ore

(Picture from Visual China)

Two Swords: Cobalt Discovery- "Cobalt" meat is connected

Cobalt is one of the trace elements required by the human body. It was not until 1948 that a red crystal was separated from the liver concentration. Its molecule containing about 4.5%of cobalt, which refers to it as a cobaltine, that is, vitamin B12. The lack of vitamin B12 in the human body is the root cause of Adiyi anemia. Cobalt can enter the human body through the digestive tract and the respiratory tract. Generally, the cobalt content in adult human body is 1.1 ~ 1.5mg. 14%of cobalt in the body are distributed in bones, 43%are distributed in muscle tissue, and 43%are distributed in other soft tissues (Figure 2).

Figure 2 The distribution of cobalt elements in the human body

(Data source Baidu Encyclopedia-cobalt element)

Three Swords: Cobalt Discovery- "Cobalt" color ancient fragrance

"The plain embryo outlines, blue and white, and the pen tips." This blue and white is the cobalt material (cobalt oxide) on the porcelain tire. After high temperature burning at about 1250 ° C, it appears blue under the glaze. Blue and white porcelain appeared from the Tang Dynasty, and after the Yuan Dynasty, it was vigorously developed and achieved great achievements in the early Ming Dynasty. The use of cobalt is rich in cultural connotation and historical heritage of blue and white porcelain. Yuan Qinghua's "Xiao He Chasing Hanxintu" plum bottle is superior, and it uses the precious "Su Ma Li Qing" cobalt material, which comes from Gutos (now Iran). Yuanqing and white with characters with characters are extremely rare. Plum bottle belongs to the blue and white large artifacts. It is extremely difficult to furnish. Its porcelain tire texture, character painting, and firing are pure green. It is reported that there are three plum bottle "Xiao He chasing Hanxintu" in Yuanqing and white. The first one is now collected in the Nanjing Museum and is a national first -class cultural relics (Figure 3); the second is sold at the Macau Auction at the 2011 Macau Auction. The third one is unknown to the third.

Figure 3 The highest artistic achievement of blue and white artistic achievements "Xiao Heyue chasing Han Xinmu" plum bottle (picture comes from the Internet) and Van Gogh oil painting "Xingyue Night" (picture source website https://www.nbfox.com/the-starry-night /)

"The night under the starry sky ignite the Van Gogh." This "Star Moon Night" created a blue starry sky by Van Gogh's "cobalt blue" pigments (Figure 3). "Cobalt Blue" painting pigment is a blue powder with green light. The main ingredient is aluminum cobalt CO (ALO2) 2, which is made of cobalt phosphate and alumina or alumina. The pigment has the characteristics of heat resistance, light resistance, acid resistance, and alkali resistance. The "cobalt blue" pigment is loved by the European Impressionist painter. Four Swords: The Prospects of Cobalt- "Cobalt" is used today

Metal cobalt, as a key strategic rare and precious metal resource, is now mainly used to manufacture battery materials and high -temperature alloys (Figure 4). Among them, the application of battery materials is the most widely used (49%), high -temperature alloy (18%), other applications include include, other applications include include. Hard alloys, ceramics/pigments, catalysts, magnetic materials, etc. In terms of manufacturing alloys, cobalt -based alloy is the general term for cobalt and chromium, tungsten, iron, and nickel groups. Cobalt-based alloys are also widely used in aerospace technology. For example, the structural material of the aviation turbine uses a cobalt-based alloy containing 20%-27%chromium. You can protect the material to make the material high. Steel steel containing a certain amount of cobalt can significantly improve the abrasion resistance and cutting performance of steel. Even more than 50%of cobalt containing hard alloys will not lose its original hardness even if heated to 1000 ° C.

Figure 4 The main use of key metal cobalt

(According to Williams-Jones and Vasyukova, 2022)

Five Swords: The Prospects of Cobalt- "Cobalt" is full of energy

The most important use of cobalt in the next ten years is still to prepare batteries and have a tendency to increase year by year (Figure 5). The ternary lithium battery is focused on the needs of the development of low -carbon energy. The ternary polymer lithium battery refers to the ternary material of the nickel cobalt manganate (a layered crystal structure) or the lithium nickel cobalt. There are many types of positive materials for lithium -ion batteries, mainly LICOO2, limno2, lithium nickel (linio2), ternary material, lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganate (LIMNO2), lithium manganate (LICOO2) Wait. Dual advantages of diversified materials because of the increasing attention and recognition of the industry because of the integrated performance and cost, gradually surpassing lithium iron phosphate and lithium manganate to become the mainstream technical route. With the adjustment of the national energy structure, the development of low -carbon energy technology will gradually become the mainstream of the times, and the demand for cobalt will continue to grow in the future. Therefore, we must get motivation and find more cobalt resources.

Figure 5 The demand forecast for cobalt in the past ten years (according to Williams-Jones and Vasyukova, 2022) and the cobalt lithium battery schematic diagram (according to Liu et al., 2016)

Six Swords: The nature of cobalt- "Cobalt" is proud of

Compared with the "Iron" buddy of the "cobalt", "Cobalt" looks a little "cobalt" and highly high, and he is extraordinary. "Iron" buddies and "nickel" brothers both have 4-5 stable isotopes, while "cobalt" has only one stable isotope (Figure 6). Therefore, in earth scientific research, the sources, evolution, and cycle of cobalt isotope cannot be used to directly restrain the sources, evolution and cycle of cobalt. During the evolution of the earth, cobalt tends to enter the nucleus and mantles. The average abundance on the crust is very low, only 25 PPM (a million -point concentration).

Why "cobalt" is not glorious

The element is only used to praise

Who said that the richness is high to be a hero

Love you "cobalt" wearing a crust

Love you unyieldingly

Love you rich over despair

Unwilling a bit

Love you "cobalt" go alone

But dare to break the barrier

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(Data source Germ, 1998)

Seven Swords: Cobalt Resources- "Cobalt" battle stands

Cobalt, as a new upstart of the low -carbon energy technology industry, has risen all the way. It is expected that global cobalt demand will reach 640,000 tons in 2050. Compared with the global 110,000 tons of cobalt production in 2017, the demand will increase by 585%. Therefore, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and other countries and international organizations have brought cobalt as a key mineral, which is the focus of the game of great powers. A "cobalt" war without smoke started. The global distribution of cobalt resources is highly concentrated, mainly distributed in countries such as the Congo (Gold), Zambia, Australia and other countries. Among them, Congo (Gold) in 2017 cobalt reserves accounted for 49%of the global land cobalt reserves, and its output even reached 60%of total global output of the world. Essence my country's cobalt resources are extremely scarce and difficulty in mining. The reserves of economic mining can only be 137,400 tons, and the potential resources are about 700,000 tons (China Mineral Resources Report, 2019, 2019, 20121). 2019). Faced with the "cobalt" war, my country stands up and actively deploy cobalt ore resources. Many Chinese companies actively respond to the strategic layout of "going global" to Africa. At present, 15 of the existing 19 cobalt mines in the Congo (Gold) are operated or funded by Chinese companies.

The Congo (Gold) cobalt mines are sedimentary rock-shaped layer-shaped copper-cobalt mines, and the mineral body is layered or layered-like fertilization. The cobalt resource preservation of this type of cobalt ore accounted for nearly half of the global cobalt resources, mainly distributed in the Congo (Gold) and Zambia's Chinese-African Copper-Cobalt Mine Belt. In addition, the main cobalt mines in the world include red earth-type nickel-cobalt mines and magma-nickel-cobalt mines. The world's largest nickel-cobalt mine is Jacaré mining in Brazil. The largest magma-nickel-cobalt mine is Sudbury, Canada, the largest cobalt mines in Gansu Province, the largest cobalt mine, and a magma-nickel-cobalt mines. Figure 7 Daping map of land cobalt ore reserves in various countries around the world (left)

The proportion of the type and reserves of the global land cobalt ore bed (right),

Refer to SLACK (2017).

Eight Swords: Cobalt Resources- "Cobalt" Sea Walk

Although 60%of cobalt resources around the world are mining from ancient times. However, in fact, the potential cobalt resources of modern oceans have at least 120 million tons, which is more than 5 times that of the land that has been proven to cobalt resources. It is mainly stored in the iron -rich shell and tuberculosis of cobalt -rich iron -rich cobalt. Based on the consumption of 100,000 tons of cobalt in the world, cobalt resources on the bottom of the sea can be used for humans for more than 1,000 years. The cobalt-rich tuberculosis is concentrated on the seaside plateau slope of 800-2400 meters under the sea, mostly not far from land. my country has an exclusive exploration right and priority mining rights. The cobalt-rich bell-rich area is 3000 km2, and the average quality is about 0.5%, which is much higher than the quality of land cobalt ore (most of them are between 0.01%-0.3%). However, due to the restrictions on existing mining technology, cobalt resources on the bottom of the sea cannot be temporarily used by our economy. In the future, with the continuous development of submarine mining technology, it is believed that the mining of cobalt resources under the submarine can also be realized.

Fig

And iron manganese tuberculosis (d, hein et al., 2014)

Nine Swords: Cobalt Resources- "Cobalt" comes today

The time and space distribution of cobalt ore resources is uneven. This is likely to be closely related to the evolution of the deep shell of the earth and the changes in the shallow surface environment. The ore surrounding rock of the magma cobalt mines changed from the ancient Kimati rock to the ancient olive rock-Huichangyan, which showed that the universal was mainly the basalt rock. The changes in the ore enclosure of the rock may suggest that the mantle is melted to different degrees of the mantle or the mantle of the mantle or the mantle of the mantle from thick to thin (Figure 9A). The sedimentary rock -shaped copper -cobalt mines appeared in the geological records after the ancient Yuan Dynasty oxidation incident for the first time. After a period of time, the mine was burst again during the ancient oxidation incident of the new Yuan Dynasty (Figure 9B). After entering the Xianxian Hiroshi, a cobalt -rich copper -cobalt mines are no longer formed. It can be seen that changes in atmospheric oxygen content may control the time and space distribution of cobalt -rich sedimentary rock -type copper -cobalt mines.

Figure 9 The evolution of cobalt resources with magma cobalt ore beds (A) and sedimentary rock -type cobalt mines (B) over time

(Data source Slack et al., 2017 and qiu et al., 2021)

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