From the perspective of the cooperation system, understand the basic property rights system of the platform

First part

The prominent characteristics of the cooperation system are public and private cooperation between different property rights, and the platform meets the main conditions of the cooperation system. From the perspective of sharing economy and ecological organizations, we can re -understand the cooperation system and find the essence of the platform itself.

The new knowledge that will be discovered by re -understanding the scope of the platform into the cooperation system is that the cooperation system is an intermediate mechanism between public and private, market and government. Once the platform is included in the cooperation system to standardize and develop, it will help find the integration of private interests and the country's supervision of this interest, and find the inner scale that enables private interests to obey common interests.

Cooperation production is an property rights system, which is almost the opposite form of property rights. This stems from the focus of emphasis on the focus: the focus of the modern property rights system lies in ownership, focusing on the value of assets (such as shares), often pointing to competition and zero sum games; while the focus of the cooperation system is Value (such as asset management, rights and responsibilities), pointing to cooperation and win -win. The practice of ecological cooperation starting from the digital economy will bring people's focus on the focus of cooperation and re -pull back to cooperation in use rights.

One of the public and private in ownership refers to all, that is, public and private; the other is to use, that is, public (shared), private (dedicated). The public and private theory of the cooperation system mainly refers to the latter. The substantial meaning of cooperation refers to the sharing of production materials. This makes cooperation ("sharing") different from the communist, and the cooperation is the right to use; the communist is the ownership. We will mainly form a cooperation system based on the right to use the right to use the rights of the property rights, called the ecological cooperation system.

The platform ecology adopts the ecological cooperation system. The main relationship between the platform and the application side is the cooperative relationship. The main body of cooperation is called "partner" (partner). Partnership is partnership. Economic partners refer to their ownership (different bosses), but the right to use can be integrated (community of interests). A platform often gather 4 million (such as Apple) to 10 million (Ali) collaborators to form a community of property rights. This is the largest cooperation system in human history. Far far exceeds the scale of the cooperation system of Montragon in Spain.

As an ecological organization (which can be regarded as a collection of enterprises, which is different from the individual of the enterprise), it is necessary to distinguish the platform party and the application side. They are two types of different property rights. The role of platform enterprises in the cooperation system is mainly to provide a fixed cost of the entire ecology (fixed assets), and all applications of diversification mainly undertake the variable cost (variable assets) of the entire ecology. According to ecological standards, we determine the platform as the management and determine the application as the labor party. This labor has a specific meaning and is the "worker" in the ecology. In reality, the application corresponds to APPS and is a value -added service provider. In reality, they may be small and micro enterprises, office workers or natural people, and they do not rule out very few large and medium -sized enterprises. The reason why it is used as a worker is because of the asset structure of the entire ecology, they are just "proletarians". The main production materials (fixed costs and fixed assets) of ecology are not borne by them. None of the bankruptcy will not directly change the application of the applied balance sheet). Of course, as an enterprise that exists independently outside of ecological relationships, they may also be the management, but they are not ecological management. In ecological relations, it can be regarded as workers with certain production materials (similar to self -cultivation farmers). Secondly, most applications directly participate in labor. In the platform ecosystem, after all, the subject of flexible employment in an office or natural person is the main body of employment forms. According to the actual survey, employment in an app is generally less than 4 to 5, and they are directly engaged in labor, or workers directly participate in management, and rarely produce.

In the "platform-application" integrated ecosystem, the fixed assets provided by the platform are intermediate products, and the products and services provided by the end users are the final product. According to the principles of marketization and commercialization, the platform pays the application to the application to share the production materials (ecological fixed assets), and the appropriate charging is appropriately charged according to the application of the application (that is, the loss of the loss) (that is, deducting the production lease fee from the final product). There is no income without income, and there is no need to pay the production data lease fee, and the platform party has no obligation to bear the loss of variable asset investment when the application party loses. At present, the market conditions in China and the United States are three -seven, and the platform's revenue of the final product income (sometimes called "Apple tax"), and the application party's revenue of the final product income is 70%. The platform party does not participate in the application services provided by the application. The 30%obtained, mainly from the ownership of the means of production, and the right to use the right to use the right to share the transfer (the difference between non -shared transfer and leasing is that the application is not income without income and is completely free of charge. To. If the app (or individual of workers) obtains 70%, it mainly comes from the sharing (use) and labor efficiency of the platform production rights.

This division of contracts can be considered as the result of the exchange (transfer) right (transfer) right (transfer) use of the platform formula (transfer) of the use of the right to use (business). The proportion of the use rights of the two parties is divided into exchange contracts. From this perspective, ownership cooperation is indirect. Unlike physical cooperatives, we must first mix the shares in order to operate together. Exchange of ownership (close to equality because of the surplus). From the perspective of business nature, it has the nature of mutual service, that is, the platform party provides ecological basic business services (including free basic services provided by end users to provide traffic for applicants; Production leasing services) exchanged value -added business services with the application of the entire ecology. Of course, the premise of the three -seven division is that the entire fixed assets and production materials of the application are provided by the platform. If the application is an independent brand, it only takes the platform as the sales channel, the production capital is its own capital, and the three of the three -seven sharing should not involve the remaining production capital. Unlike the cooperation system in the industrial era, unlike the ownership community, the application and the platform rarely merge the ownership in the cooperation, and will not change the ownership of both parties through cooperation. Unless the platform acquires the app, this situation may be severely regulated due to the neutral position of the platform (both referees and athletes).

We can call this cooperation system, the ecological cooperation system, that is, the cooperation of the right to use. It is obvious from the traditional capitalist production relationship. First, the sharing of production materials reflects a certain publicity (although it is paid in accordance with the principles of marketization and commercialization methods). The essence is that the capital transfer has the right to transfer part of the right to use rights (It turned out that it was not used by themselves and did not let others use it, and the production materials of the workers using the capitalist's production materials did not have the right to use the right to obtain the right). In this sense, the ecological cooperation system is Essence Second, the party that does not have the ownership of the means of production can get the surplus (and high proportion of the surplus) with labor (value -added services). This shows that the ecological cooperation system is a cooperation that transcends the employment system. Therefore, this cooperation system has a public and private mixed nature (different from mixed). These two characteristics of the ecological cooperation system constitute it that can combine the market economy and socialism. A new way of combining market economy with socialism can be regarded as a market socialist cooperation system.

Compared with Miller's "socialist marketing socialism" model, there is a similarities in property rights: its capital can be owned by members alone or collectively owned or collectively leased from external institutions.

As for how to overcome the shortcomings of the public interest in the process of guiding capital to become a social enterprise, and then deviating from the neutrality of the platform, see.

Next part

From the perspective of the social and economic system, the platform ecology can be classified into the category of the cooperation system. The cooperation system is a system of joint labor for producers, and is a socio -economic system that is different from the employment system. The platform and application side in the platform ecology are obviously not employment relationships, but cooperative relationships. The community they formed have the nature of cooperative economic organizations. The platform companies can be regarded as cooperative companies. Lenin pointed out in the "On the Cooperation System" that "cooperative enterprises are both private and collective companies" and are "third enterprises". Platform companies also have the nature of the third enterprise between private enterprises and state -owned enterprises.

Compared with the combination of the two -layer operation system with the rural areas of rural areas. In the rural unified division combined with the dual -layer operation cooperation system, the operation of the village -level collective economic organization is unified, and the decentralized operation of the family is the division. The collective that Lenin said, here refers to operation (unified operation). From the perspective of ownership, the ownership of the land belongs to the collective, and the right to use belongs to farmers. The platform ecology also has the characteristics of double -layer operations. The platform is uniform and the application is divided. The unified aspect is to provide a unified basic business (such as virtual store support services) by the platform. The division is a value -added business that is differentiated by the application. Between the division, connect through the API (application interface). The ownership of the platform's production information belongs to the platform enterprise, and the right to use belongs to the application enterprise. In view of the first classification of the cooperation system, the cooperative enterprise is not necessarily a collective ownership company or a private enterprise. Therefore, we can combine the platform ecology and rural areas with dual -layer operations into one category, which are regarded as a combination of two -layer operation system.

Lenin has more discussions on the socialist nature of cooperation. It is worth noting that this nature does not change because the cooperative company has a private capital. This is mainly because joint labor is the main feature of the cooperation system. In the two -story operation system, workers can be used as applications and become the main body of cooperation, not hired by capital. In reality, the platform party and the application party are divided into three or seven, and even the application party can get a higher proportion more than the platform party.

Compare the platform ecology with private enterprises to compare the property rights: private enterprises take the ownership (ownership) as the boundaries of efficiency, and the same boss is the same efficiency subject and efficiency unit. The platform ecology is different. It takes the right to use the right as the boundary of efficiency. Different bosses under the same use right contract constitute the same efficiency subject and efficiency unit. The resources (production materials) are used within the same ownership and inside the same use right. Sharing for production data ("externalization"), has digital externality. 1. The market behavior characteristics of double -layer operations: "New Monopoly Competition"

The platform ecology is different from corporate organizations. It consists of the platform and the application party.

The new Internet format is defined as the "new monopoly competition" market structure composed of "platform monopoly-application competition". "Platform monopoly-application competition" includes "platform basic business monopoly-applied value-added business competition" and "platform square monopoly-application party competition". The monopoly is a technical monopoly, which refers to the monopoly formed based on standard -digital technology standards or digital business standards -formed. Such as the natural monopoly of the operating system, or the natural monopoly of Taobao and WeChat platforms. The characteristics of the monopoly are that the application of the applied value -added business adopts the same standards to share platform resources (such as traffic, digital production materials, etc.). When a single standard is adopted, the application efficiency is maximized; and the use of multiple standards may reduce the efficiency of ecology, including internal roll competition between platforms, leading to repeated investment and efficiency losses; improving the application party conversion cost, learning costs, causing efficiency loss. In addition to introducing platform competition, it is more effective to conduct standard iterations through innovation (destruction innovation) (such as the U disk replaced the soft disk).

From the above assumptions, the efficiency of the Internet platform is different from the efficiency of the Internet ecology. The efficiency of the Internet platform refers to the efficiency of the platform. The efficiency of the Internet ecology refers to the efficiency formed by the platform and the application of division of labor. This division of labor cooperation is mainly manifested that the platform division of labor provides the entire ecological heavy assets (fixed costs, unchanged capital). Divide. The efficiency of the Internet platform square is also different from the efficiency of general enterprises. It is mainly manifested that the efficiency of general enterprises (unchanged costs and variable costs) is mainly reflected in its own business. Value -added business. Therefore, judging whether the monopoly of the platform's basic business is effective, in addition to depending on the efficiency of the platform's basic business itself (whether other platforms are more efficient than him), it also depends on whether its shared assets have improved the efficiency of the application party. And how much improvement. The efficiency of comprehensive monopoly to reduce its business, and the sum of the efficiency of other applications of the same ecology, to make comprehensive judgments.

Because the efficiency sharing process of the new Internet format contains digital externality, the efficiency and fair analysis and measurement of paid shared "general assets" involve different benefit surfaces and efficiency calibers with ecology as the border between enterprises.

2. Double -layer business behavior characteristics: double -layer cost structure

The platform ecology not only has market characteristics such as monopoly and competition, but also has corporate characteristics such as capital investment. The platform is a platform for endogenous capital. The platform is not only a businessman, but also a capitalist.

The platform of endogenous capital is essentially different from the platform of existing platform economics. The platform's platform is a platform for the trade structure and is a platform for businessmen. Specific refers to bilateral markets. The platform is a bilateral middleman (middleman) who traded bilateral (middlemen) in the market. Commercial cost). The platform studied in this article is a platform for capital structures. It is a platform for capitalists (or Zhiben). In addition to the general characteristics of bilateral markets, it also has a more important feature. The platform is investors who buy and sell bilateral. Therefore, not only gets commissions from equivalent exchange, but also obtain capital income (remaining) from investment. This article is to discuss public welfare expenditures that generate rent surplus re -distribution from the surplus of the capital, or the re -distribution of the renoenation surplus, and do not take the bilateral market commission as the focus of the discussion.

The concept of endogenous capital platform does not refer to B1 (platform) in bilateral markets to B2 (app) and C (end user), and collect commissions from the transactions of B2 and C. The structure of dual -layer capital is the division of capital of B1 and B2, that is, B1 undertakes fixed capital, and B2 undertakes variable capital (mainly refers to the labor capital of the labor, including time, energy, skills, adventure spirit, etc.). B1 conducts fixed assets investment in B2, and B2 provides monetization compensation for this investment.

Specifically, B1 must not only invested C (formed of the capital divided into capital to be divided into B2) through its own input, but also mainly based on its own fixed asset investment as an asset to form an application basic platform above information infrastructure. Great -purpose assets have paid sharing services, and charges the production fee (such as the annual fee) to B2. The location of the platform is to provide the industry's industry (equivalent to the heavy industry in the industry, that is, the industry that provides production materials). The platform square is essentially data production data rental enterprise.

When the perspective of the introduction of capital can be found that bilateral market analysis lacks the theoretical basis of the remaining allocation, so it is more of a new classical (economics) market transaction analysis.This article analyzes the re -distribution of rent surplus, which involves the principle of fairness. In addition to market transaction analysis, it is necessary to introduce the perspective of classical economics system analysis and unwilling exchanges, and to the power relationship behind the capital -mainly due to the public interest involved in the problemPart — Analysis of social relations that are allocated to interest.(Text/Qiping)

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