Lecture 19: Planning-the income distribution mechanism and structure of the market economy system (4) The implementation of the income distribution mechanism

Because the planning-market economy system distribution mechanism is different from the principle of distribution of other economic systems, the implementation of the distribution mechanism needs to find a key problem to be implemented, and then the problem-oriented-oriented, starting from cracking problems and finding the implementation path.

Plan-market economy system allocation mechanism must fully implement four key problems:

First, how to realize the restrained intervention of income distribution in the macro balance plan, and this intervention is not a "human" intervention behavior, but an institutionalized behavior of institutional mechanism formation.

Second, how to ensure that enterprises are not easily eliminated in competition, thereby ensuring that the income distribution between enterprises and enterprises can be completed in continuous competition.

Third, how to implement the "depending on the depending on the work" distribution mechanism in the stages of economic development at the same time in multiple ownership forms, and there is a system and mechanism guarantee.

Fourth, in the initial distribution of national income, comprehensively pay for labor to ensure that the income distribution is more fair and reflects the concept of common prosperity. It can be considered that when you find a solution to these four problems, you can also find the way to implement the distribution mechanism.

Plan-The market economy system will first complete the transformation of the distribution mechanism through the design of the initial distribution level of national income and the macro balance plan for the design of income distribution constraints. Implementation system architecture. Secondly, the planned-the unique planning of the market economy system is supported, and the composition and role of the production factors involved in the distribution of the distribution are systematized to realize the externalization of the labor core in the production factors. The problem, comprehensively implement the distribution mechanism of "depending on the depending of effort and pay for the reward".

(1) Reducing the probability of being eliminated in competition

1. Reducing the elimination rate of enterprises is the key to maintaining competition between enterprises

Although the competition between enterprises, although it can only create a part of the "wealth carrier" (product order) in the "first allocation of the first cake", it is an increasingly important distribution in the first distribution of national income. The reason is that this is the subsequent allocated "admission vouchers". Without this "admission ticket", the opportunity to be allocated. One important reason why the gap between the rich and the poor is so big is that companies participating in fair competition among enterprises have been eliminated in the competition, and fewer and fewer companies participating in the "first allocation of cakes" and "admission vouchers" are increasing, so that " The first allocation of total cakes "can only be divided by a few large enterprises in a few industries. Obviously, such a result will not have the fairness of national income for the first time. To this end, the important task of the plan-market economy system is to reduce the probability of being eliminated in the competition, ensure that many companies have participated in competition, so that more enterprises have the opportunity to get the "first allocation of the first cake" to participate in the "first-time allocation" "Entry voucher".

There is a view that it is a kind of progress to be eliminated in competition and is a new way. Why should it reduce the probability of being eliminated? Here is the concept difference between competition elimination and the elimination of competitors. Plan-the market economy system advocates competition, and it also advocates competition elimination. However, this elimination refers to the victory and defeat of this round of competition and does not pursue the burial of competitors. Because only the competition of many enterprises allows all companies to have the "admission ticket" to participate in the "initial allocation of cakes", and the first allocation of national income can truly belong to the "national", and competition is universal.

2. The main reason why companies are eliminated in competition

To reduce the probability of being eliminated in competition in the new system, it is necessary to study the reasons why enterprises have been eliminated in competition. There are many reasons, and the following are listed as follows:

(1) The loss of each company's loss is too much. Under the traditional market economy system, the management of the competition will propose a complete set of competition "thresholds" as the condition of "entry" competition, such as how much registered capital reaches, how much production capacity, and so on. To participate in competition, it is necessary to invest a lot of human and material costs. This means that for competitive companies, any competition failure will cause huge losses. In reality, several major competition failures can completely eliminate a company.

(2) Excessive business risk of business. Under the traditional market economy conditions, even if the competition has obtained product orders, there is still great follow -up operating risk. The most serious is that due to the blindness of the market economy, after the company's investment in capital for production or even product delivery, the demand party of the product cancels orders due to the cancellation of upstream user projects, resulting in the failure of the company's payment and closing.

(3) The strong competition market has deprived the right of survival in the unfair competition market. The strong competition uses the "freedom" of the traditional market economy system to invented many ways to strangle competitive companies. For example, first destroy the competitive enterprise through "free", and then lift the price of profits; the political and business conspiracy will use "rules" to reject competitors; and so on.

3. The new system avoids measures to be eliminated by enterprises in competition

Planning-the market economy system will use institutional mechanisms to strengthen fair competition and ensure that enterprises can participate in competition among enterprises more under normal operating conditions.

(1) Reduce the property loss of the enterprise when the competition fails. The new system is a system that demolish competition and emphasizes process management. Under the new system, companies participating in competition do not need to have huge property investment before competition. In other words, even if the competition fails, there will be no major property losses. If this competitive company is still capable, then you can also participate in the next competition. On the contrary, once the company's competition has successfully signed a "supply-demand" contract, the enterprise can rest assured to be produced, and there is no risk-this creates a planning mechanism for the market economy system: the specific competition has failed, but basically it is not basically not Some companies will be eliminated for this. (2) Demolition of the "threshold" of competition in enterprises, strengthen the fair process, and promote fair competition among enterprises. Plan-market economy system guarantees the following reforms and achieves the following reforms: First, establish a fair competition mechanism. In the bidding of producers and consumers, from the bidding, bidding to the signing of the contract, the entire process has adopted the process of excluding "hidden rules" intervention to ensure fairness and fair competition. Secondly, under the new system, the strong prescriptions in all market competition will no longer have "grasping points" and ways to show unfair competition.

Third, under the new system, the entry threshold for competition will only be only related to security, so that companies will have a fair competition opportunity.

(2) Reduce the role and weight of traditional capital in production factors

1. The reason for the high weight of the capital under the traditional system

Under the traditional market economy system, capital is the most important production factors. In most cases, the proportion of shareholders 'capital is the shareholders' equity ratio. Capital is so important. It is not only determined by the design of a whole economic system, but also that the role of capital in social production and operation activities is really huge.

(1) Capital has a universal effect in the traditional market economy. For example, under the market economy conditions, you can use funds in capital to purchase any means of production required for production. Not only can you buy materials and equipment, you can also hire engineers and general manager.

(2) Capital has a very large investment risk under the traditional market economy system. The capital content of capital is also related to its investment risk. During the investment, in addition to those investors who can manipulate the market, most investors can only rely on subjective predictions for the future market, and they cannot accurately judge the random decisions of other investors. These risks are only the risk of capital investment decision -making. Since then, there are still risks from the signing of contract to recovering the payment. Under the conditions of disorderly competition in the traditional market economy, especially under the conditions of general excess capacity, any investment has great risks. The greater the risk of investment, the higher the scarcity of capital, the higher the value and status of capital.

2. The new system returns the role of capital to a reasonable position

Plan-the market economy system makes full use of its planning mechanism and strategic concept to re-position the role of capital.

(1) Capital will become an easy -to -raise production factors. Under the plan-market economy system, the role of capital will be adjusted along with some fundamental changes:

First, the principle of "no profits, must be beneficial" can ensure that the enterprise must have benefits after the normal operation of the enterprise. In the "supply-demand" contract obtained in the competition, the strategic concept of "no huge profits, but must be beneficial" by the "supply-demand" contract in competition. In other words, as long as companies can get the "supply-demand" contract, normal operations must have "benefits". Because the contract does not require property investment without signing a contract, the signing of the contract must be "profitable", and the capital is unprecedented security.

Second, the planned guarantee after signing the contract exclude investment risks. The "supply-demand" contract signed by the regional "hub" organization is equivalent to obtaining the production plan guaranteed by the government. According to the new system, the contract will pay through special funds even if it encounters a natural disaster. Therefore, after the "supply-demand" contract is signed, it will be very easy to obtain funds because there is no more investment risk. Both banks and individuals are willing to supply capital (funds) when risk -free.

Third, the sufficientness of the source of funds determines that the role and status of funds in distribution will not be too high. After the establishment of the market economy system, the production plan of producers has been greatly enhanced. Once the competitors win the bid and establish a contract when the "hub" bids, it is equivalent to obtaining a government guarantee contract, and the risk of loan is almost zero. In this way, whether it is a bank or an individual and a group with assets, they will not have concerns about this investment. Therefore, under the plan-market economy system, funds have become one of the most easy production factors. The position of capital in production factors will naturally decrease.

(2) The role of capital in the new system. In the plan-market economy system, capital is still an important production factors that are inseparable from business activities. Among them, monetary capital still plays its circulation role, and it is also a "blood" necessary for enterprise survival.

However, in the new system, capital will regain new role positioning: planned catalysts and key help when planning to promote economic activities.

First, capital is the key help in economic activities. When we want to produce a product in a contract, we need to buy materials and equipment, but if there is no funds, this product cannot be produced. For example, in the bidding of the "hub" of the Yangtze River Equipment Factory, the Yangtze Equipment Factory received a number of equipment production orders, but there was no funding for materials. At this time, investors lent them to 10 million yuan. The Yangtze River Equipment Factory used this fund to buy equipment and materials to improve production efficiency. Through production labor, the production of "supply-demand" orders was completed and a profit of 1 million yuan was obtained. It has achieved the "average fruit" of labor "average fruit" with a profit of 1 million yuan from the income of 1 million yuan. Obviously, this 10 million yuan of funds are a "key help" to the enterprise at a critical time, achieving value increase.

Second, capital is a catalyst for economic operation. The catalyst can change the speed of chemical reactions when participating in chemical reactions, preset substances that do not change chemical balance, and do not change themselves. The role of capital catalysts can be explained in such an example. If there are 100 professional workers, borrowing funds (catalysts) that the government needs to pay interest, all the house construction procedures are completed, and the house is built with several years. The remaining people divided into a house, which is equivalent to using their own labor to complete the economic activity of creating self -use housing by labor. The funds here have not changed the number, but it has contributed to the economic activities of professional workers to build housing. The role of funds is to promote the allocation of resource allocation in the production process. It is a "key help" role provided by funds at a critical time. The interest paid is the value increase in the entire economic activity. Of course, a key here is that the entire economic operation process must be planned: if the house is built, the remaining houses cannot become cash repayment, and all weekly turn will not be realized. In other words, only the plan-market economy system has the conditions to achieve this "key help".

3. Capital has a key to help the core of labor in the new system, which can be paid for interest

(1) The key to capital helps the core of labor. In the above examples of capital, there is one thing in common that capital (capital) provides key help at a critical time, and has generated value increase. According to the axioms proposed in section 1 of this chapter, labor is the only source of value of value, so the increase in value must be a "average fruit" for some kind of labor. Here it will be called "key help labor" by "key help". In the previous example, if you pay a reasonable 500,000 yuan in accordance with the standard of bank interest as a "interest" to pay for monetary fund providers, then you can contribute to the "key help labor" of funds.

(2) The key to the key to help labor is the standard for competition. The "key help kernel" compensation scale of capital should be the result of market competition. Assuming that after the enterprise obtains the "supply-demand" contract, individuals and banks are willing to borrow funds to provide enterprises. Then the bank's "interest" standard is indexed, and it will naturally guide other funds to the "interest" standard.

(3) Through the entire labor kernel of production factors, fully rewarded the labor allocation

Production factors are in accordance with the existing definitions, including labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurial capabilities. Under the plan-market economy system, production factors will consist of labor, smart assets and capital. According to the previous discussion, the new system has actually realized the entire labor kernelization of production factors:

(1) The indispensable capital of enterprises is no longer scarce resources, and its role and status in production factors have been comprehensively reduced. Capital is just the role of "key help", and the level of rewarding is only the level of "interest". According to the "key help labor", capital will be assigned to the enterprise's profit accounting stage from the distribution of profits in the accounting accounting stage of the enterprise.

(2) The smart capital part of the past wisdom labor in smart labor will become the dominant component of production materials. The competition between companies in the future is no longer as much as Bittan capital, but how strong it will be more than smart capital. The distribution of smart capital is still in the accounting accounting stage of the company's profit accounting, which is paid from the distribution of profits of the enterprise, but the distribution scale is the quantitative scale of smart labor.

(3) Labor elements are directly based on the scale of "labor". Among them, the savvy workers' rewards are based on wisdom labor. The average worker is directly rewarded by the "labor" of the workers. The reward of labor is distributed in advance in the form of remuneration (salary)+ rewards during the calculation stage of labor costs.

(4) Balanced measures for labor scale. Plan-market economy system will balan as a macro plan and regulate the profit level and refine accounting mechanism of the enterprise to ensure the distribution of laborized units distributed from the distribution of profits from the enterprise, which is close to the labor-related units distributed through remuneration (salary) distribution. Forehead. In this way, the level of rewarding at different stages of reward can be balanced.

At this point, in fact, the full factors have been rewarded by the entire element, and in which the production factors are used as the shareholding of the equity, or the labor force element of the production process, they will be paid in accordance with the same reward standard.

Reprinted from Chapter 4 of the "Plan-Market Economy System Theory" (Published in April 2019), some texts have been deleted and adjusted.

Text/Pan Zhikai: "Planning-Market Economic System Theory" (Published in April 2019 in Intellectual Property Press)

Pan Zhikai, born in August 1948 in a peasant family in the suburbs of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, graduated from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1976, and has a graduate degree of master's degree.Senior Advisor of the Digital Economy and Digital Trade Professional Committee of the China World Trade Organization Research Association, author of "Plan-Market Economic Systems" (Published by Intellectual Property Publishing House), customized traffic patent inventorsRelevant leaders' work experience.

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