The "assembly number" sounds the first anniversary!"Black Earth Grain" technology war results?

Text ｜ "China Science News" reporter Ni Sijie

On September 16th, Zhang Jiabao introduced the formation process and existing problems for reporters. Photo by Ni Sijie

In July last year, the "Black Land Protection and Utilization Science and Technology Innovation Project" was officially launched with the support of the Strategic Pilot Special (Class A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with a period of 5 years.

Scientific researchers are used to calling it "Black Earth Grain 'Science and Technology Battle" because it assembles 34 institutions in the Academy of Sciences and 89 units outside the hospital, and jointly forms a "group army" that meets more than 1,400 people in each specialty.

This is another battle for agricultural science and technology. In the last century, the agricultural technology "Huanghuaihai Campaign" has achieved major achievements in the annual production capacity of food in the conference area by 50 billion kilograms.

In the new era, this agricultural science and technology war has been launched for more than a year. What is the current situation of "black soil granaries" and what is the progress of science and technology war? In response, the "China Science News" interviewed Zhang Jiabao, general consultant of special sciences, academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Jiang Ming, director of the Special Commander, Director of the Institute of Northeast Geography and Agricultural Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Xu Hang, deputy director of the Science and Technology Promotion Bureau of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Ask

What is the current situation of "Black Earth Grain"?

Black land is hailed as the "panda in the cultivated land" in my country, and the black land in the northeast is known as the "cockpit stone" of my country's food safety.

"The distribution area of ​​black land is not large, but it is more 'powerful' than the land elsewhere." Zhang Jiabao said that the amount of fertilization of the acres of crops on the black soil is only about 70%of the soil in other regions, even if one year For only one season, it can also produce a quarter of the country. Because of this, "every time the country's grain supply is the most critical, the Northeast can always transfer food."

For scientific researchers, "black soil granaries" refer to "black soil areas". In order to clarify the status quo of "black soil granaries", they strictly distinguished black soil, black land, and black soil. According to the soil system classification method, the "black soil" refers to the fertile soil with a high organic matter content in the natural state of 1 meter, and the northeast black soil arable land is about 100 million mu; "black land" refers to the black or dark humus surface soil厘米的土地，东北黑土地耕地约2.78亿亩；而“黑土地区”是指分布在东北平原及周边，海拔600米以下低山、丘陵及平原以'黑土'为主的地区，即东北地区， The area of ​​cultivated land is about 538 million mu.

"Black soil granary" not only includes black soil. "We often say that the soil of the" black soil "also contains a variety of types of soils such as black calcium soil, dark brown soil, brown soil, white pulp, meadow soil." Zhang Jiabao said.

In addition, Zhang Jiabao believes that in addition to protecting the soil itself, protecting the black land must also protect the ecosystem of the entire black soil area.

"The ecosystem of the Northeast Black Land area is the best ecological barrier in northern my country. There are humid forests and wetland ecological areas in the northeast, and there are semi -humid forest grassland ecological areas in the middle. The important ecological barrier of the land is also a unique advantage that is different from other soils in my country. "Zhang Jiabao said.

Two questions

What problems do you want to solve?

Interviewed experts said that the biggest problem facing "Black Earth Grain" is the "thinning", "thinning" and "hardness" of black land. The problem of black land exist is the key problem to solve the battle.

"Natural factors and human activities are the driving factor that leads to the degradation of black land." Zhang Jiabao told reporters that under the condition of long -term high -intensity planting and exogenous fertilizer nutrients, the black land is "thinning" and the organic matter of the soil has decreased significantly. Under the influence of water erosion, wind erosion, and frozen erosion, the black soil has dropped from 60 ~ 80 cm at the time of the first reclamation to the current 40 cm, and more than 60%of the dry fields of the dry fields were lost. "". Frequent mechanization operations have caused the soil to compact "hardening", poor transparency, weakening water and fertilizer capacity, and difficulty in crop to break the soil, resulting in agricultural production reduction. At the same time as degeneration, the health level of the soil, the continuous use of water resources, and the synergistic regulation function of the natural ecological pattern have also declined.

In Zhang Jiabao's view, another problem that the battle needs to be solved is "touching". "In fact, to what extent the degradation of the black land, we don't know how to get the list for a while. We need to establish a comprehensive" poly source remote sensing -mobile monitoring -in -situ detection '. System, establish a big data platform for quality monitoring and evaluation of different standards of cultivated land in black land. "Zhang Jiabao said.

Three questions

What is the battle progress?

In March 2021, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Jilin Province jointly reported to the "Black Earth Greece" science and technology conference to unveil the country. In July 2021, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the three provinces of Northeast China launched the "Black Earth Greece" science and technology battle.

"For the first time, we have enabled the general commander and chief engineer 'two general systems' in non -military work." Xu Hang introduced that in the project, the general commander is the first person in charge of the special project, and the chief engineer is responsible for the special technology line. A general consultant of science has also been established to strict scientific checks on the special.

He introduced that the overall goal of the battle is to lead the "black land protection and utilization" scientific and technological innovation and industrial development. The recent goal is that by 2025, in order to achieve the protection and utilization of the black land in Northeast China, support the construction of the national food safety industry belt, and create a system solution for the Chinese Academy of Sciences. By 2030, the target of the medium and long term will form a strategic force for the protection and utilization of black land protection with the power of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as the core to form iterative modern black land protection and utilization technical systems. It supports the protection and utilization of black land in the Northeast from the policy, technology and industrial level. "At present, we have planned the six major tasks of degradation resistance, healthy cultivation, biological drive, smart agricultural machinery, sky perception, and customization of the whole region. They have set up seven major in Qiqihar, Dahewan, Changchun, Shenyang, Helen, and Sanjiang. The acres of demonstration zone provides a system solution for the country's "raising 'black land." Xu Hang said.

Jiang Ming introduced that in the past year, 19 main priming technologies and 9 leading varieties have been recommended in the past year, and core technologies have achieved a suitable regional innovation; seven major demonstration areas have introduced 31 new technologies, creating 8-9 sets of promotion models, 2022, 2022, 2022 The annual radiation promotion area is expected to be more than 105.9 million mu. In addition, they have initially established the black soil classification system and degradation diagnostic evaluation plan, and the intelligent land intelligent management control platform, and the service -oriented customization scheme has also landed.

Four questions

What are the specific results?

Jiang Ming introduced that the project currently explores and develops the three characteristic black soil protection and utilization models: Longjiang model, pear tree model 2.0, and Dahewan model.

Among them, the Longjiang model is to return to the field with crushing straw, organic fertilizer deeply, and combined with corn-soybean wheels as key technologies to cultivate the soil cultivation technology system, to achieve increased thickness of farming, soil moisture and nutrient library capacity, and whole cultivation layer of soil organic matter supplies , Crops to increase yield and income and other goals.

The pear tree model 2.0 is a multi -goal such as the cultivation of cultivated land conservation, increasing grain yield and income, and ecological improvement. Based on the "pear tree model", through the regional layout of the technical model, optimization of model parameters, varieties, density, fertilization and other supporting technologies Fine integration, a new generation of protective farming comprehensive technical system developed by supporting equipment accurately and intelligent upgrades.

The Dahewan model serves large -scale agricultural reclamation, construction corps, farms, and medium -sized custody units. While protecting the black land, comprehensively consider the full integration of information technology, intelligent equipment technology, agricultural algorithm and model to improve comprehensive benefits Essence

Jiang Ming introduced that at present, the project team has solved the key technical bottlenecks of the three major models in the 10,000 -mu demonstration zone, the appropriate evaluation of the region, and the formulation of operating procedures.

Five questions

Can you continue the success of the "Huanghuaihai Campaign"?

Xu Hang introduced that the "Black Earth Grain" science and technology conference was another agricultural science and technology corruption campaign launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the new era after the "Huanghuaihai Campaign" in the last century.

"When designing a special solution, we sort out the scientific research results of the world. Some technologies are not suitable for us. Some technologies have done better ourselves. We have selected the technologies that are most suitable for the protection and utilization of black land in northeast my country, and passed the test through the test. Check the final summary plan, "Zhang Jiabao said.

For example, the "Black Earth Grain" technology battle borrowed the measures of black land protection in the United States. In the 1930s, the problems facing the Black Earth Area in the United States are similar to that of my country today, including soil erosion and degradation. In the next 70 years, they used a protective farming method to protect the black land with less farming, exemption and straw coverage. By the end of the 20th century, the soil organic matter increased to 30 ~ 50g/kg.

"So, we must have confidence and determination. This matter must be achieved." Zhang Jiabao believes that don't expect all problems for 3 years or 5 years, but to draw a blueprint to the end. The Chinese Academy of Sciences will give full play to the high -efficiency advantages of theoretical innovation support and systematic systemization, and solve the problem of black land protection and utilization.

"China Science News" (2022-09-21 The 1st edition of the 1st edition)

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