Squatting deep ｜ From the ground to the tongue, how to get through

◎ How to solve the loss

● 20%-30%! This is the current loss rate of fruit and vegetable products in the circulation process in my country, and this number is only 5%in developed countries.

● Cold storage and cold chain transportation are the key to solving fresh fruits and vegetable logistics transportation and storage.

● Now, in a cold storage in Mengyin County, the peaches and other fruits operated by Zhao Jian can reduce the loss rate below 5%.

◎ "Following Selling" to change the "peak sales" depends on the cold storage

● Fresh and refrigerated facilities play an important role in the "peak sales" of agricultural products. After fresh-keeping kiwi, it can be stored for 3-4 months and can be listed before the Spring Festival. "Our fruit farmers lasted for more than ten years, and finally changed the way of selling with" sale "." Said Wang Zhiguang, chairman of Jasper (Zibo) Fruit and Vegetables, and Farmer Professional Cooperative.

● "Sprout Sales" also increased the price. "It turned out that after August 15th, kiwi was difficult to run, and the price would fall at once, but this year's price will not fall.

◎ Which "bottlenecks" need to be cracked

● Building a refrigerated fresh -keeping facility in the origin of agricultural products is the issue of funds. During the interview, a number of cold storage operating entities stated that the construction of the cold storage construction was large in the early stage and the operating costs were not low.

● The degree of informatization is not high, and it is also one of the problems in the construction of the cold storage.

● The category of agricultural products is complicated, and each category needs to be stored in different temperature and operation methods, which tests the exploration and practice of various places.

20%-30%! This is the current loss rate of fruit and vegetable products in the circulation process in my country, and this number is only 5%in developed countries.

Cold storage and cold chain transportation are the key to solving fresh fruits and vegetable logistics transportation and storage. At present, my country's refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities in China are insufficient as a whole, and there are structural contradictions, and urban and rural development is uneven. In rural areas, hills, remote areas, etc., "Shaku" has caused some fresh agricultural products to keep fresh on the "first kilometer".

In June of this year, the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Ministry and the General Office of the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the "Notice on the Construction of Refrigeration Fresh and Fresh and Fresh and Fresh and Freishment Facilities of Agricultural Products in 2022". Concentrate the construction of refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities. In April of this year, the province issued the "Fourteenth Five -Year" Cold Chain Logistics Development Plan for Shandong Province ", which proposed that the" first and one -kilometer "cold chain logistics demand is guided to highlight the strengthening of agricultural products harvesting, preliminary processing, fresh -keeping storage For the upward and cold consumption functions of agricultural products, in the fields and community business districts, the layout construction meets the requirements of fresh agricultural product product control and the consumer demand for urban and rural residents.

What is the current status of refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities in the area of ​​agricultural products in our province and what problems have been solved during construction? In the autumn harvest season, the reporter conducted an interview with the squatting point in Guopu County.

Reduce the loss rate to less than 5%

Mengyin County, located in the hinterland of Yimeng Mountain, is a fruit county in our province. The planting area of ​​fruit products in the county reaches more than 1 million acres, of which the peach area is 710,000 mu and the annual output is 2.4 billion kg. The huge amount of fruits requires a large amount of refrigeration library for pre -cold and temporary storage.

In the interview with the reporter on the afternoon of September 8th, the peach was rewarded to the end of the end of the end and a large number of chestnuts. In front of the Yuchi Farmer Society of Farmer Farmers' Professional Cooperatives in Showazhuang Village, Mongolian Town, Mengyin County, it is very lively: more than ten workers are packaging yellow peaches, and two forklifts shuttle between the cold storage.

The person in charge of the cooperative, Yi Jiyu, directed the forklift from the warehouse from the No. 1, and took the phone to communicate with the customer to reach the chestnut.

After a while, the truck carried fresh chestnut to the door. Several staff members who had already prepared were greeted and started unloading.

After the chestnut was removed, the staff surrounded them, picked up chestnut buds, leaves and other debris, and packed it before putting it in the cold storage. These chestnuts should be stored in winter. "This year's chestnut market is good, now a pound of more than 6 yuan!" Yi Jiyu said.

The surrounding villagers are engaged in packaging, and they can get 100 yuan a day. In the laughter and laughter, it was full of joy.

The joy of harvesting like this is often staged here. As one of the main producing areas of "Mengyin Peach", from April and May to early September, it is the season when Taozi is listed. From precocious to late ripening, from Maotao to oil peach, from ordinary peach to peach, the entire harvest season, every day, is repeating the process of peach farmers picking peaches, fruit brokers to collect peaches, and large trucks.

Right now, Taozi's harvest season is about to pass, and chestnuts, honey potatoes, apples, etc. will be harvested one after another. "My cold storage, when I was not idle all year round." Yi Jiyu said.

According to Yi Jiyu, the cooperatives have built a total of 6 cold storage, which have been completed in 3 years, and the total library capacity has reached 6,000 tons. Two of them can be used as a freezer, and the minimum temperature can reach -18 ° C. Yi Jiyu opened the door of the cold storage, and the cold was forced. The towering shelves are on the top, and the fruits on it are divided into different classes and neatly.

Losses are the problems that have always faced in fresh fruit storage and transportation. Song Xichuan, deputy director of the Mengyin County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, said that especially the fruits such as peaches are not resistant to storage. In addition, when the harvest is harvested, the weather is hot, and the weather will be rotten 5-7 days. In recent years, Mengyin Peach has been exported to Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places. If ordinary transportation, the loss rate is higher.

According to Yi Jiyu, for Taozi, the biggest effect of the cold storage is not long-term storage, but "cold", that is, packed the peaches and placed in the cold storage for 24-48 hours to let the temperature drop. This can play a role in preservation during subsequent transportation. At present, it is transported to the surrounding provinces and cities to adopt a common car and use cold chain cars to the south. The quality of fruit can be guaranteed. There are ordinary fruit farmers and fruit brokers who put the fruits in the cold storage, and the latter accounts for the majority. "If the fruit farmers can't be sold on the same day, they will be put in the cold storage temporary storage; or it is estimated that there will be no peaches mature and no continuity in the next three or five days, so put some in the cold storage first, and can be sold every day." Yi Jiyu said.

Cold storage is more important to fruit brokers.

Rural agents, also known as intermediaries in agricultural business, refer to those who match transactions in the rural circulation or directly organize agricultural product transactions. They play an irreplaceable role in the circulation of agricultural products.

"Research the market and grasp a better time." For the fruit agent Zhao Jian, the cold storage allows him to "buy the whole country and sell the whole country."

At present, the 230,000 kg of Qiuyue Pear is out of the warehouse. The orange carton packaging is exquisitely packaged. It is Zhao Jian's existence here and has been stored for 10 days. After a few tens of minutes, the cold link will come to pull away. They will be sent to Jiaxing and other places in Zhejiang, put them in supermarket shelves or enter the community by group purchase, and sell them at 80 yuan/box.

These autumn and moon pears were not produced in Mengyin, but were collected from Zhao County, Hebei Province. "Their pears are more delicious than our local, and customers in the south like it. After receiving it, choose, packaged, enter the warehouse here, and find the right time to ship." Zhao Jian said the reason for the "transit" of the "transit" of Mengyin "transit" : Low labor cost.

Before Yi Jiyu's cold storage was completed, Zhao Jian's "base camp" was a cold storage that was far away from here. The cold storage was smaller and far from Zhao Jian's home. Now, in the new cold storage of Jiuguin Farmers' Professional Cooperative, Zhao Jian has a larger plate. He believes that cold storage is an essential link for medium and high -quality fruits.

"If there are often bad fruits in the gift box, the brand will be smashed." Zhao Jian said that the peaches he received were selected and packed into the warehouse, and they were transported directly when they were out of the warehouse. There are rot. "Generally speaking, the loss rate can be reduced to less than 5%."

I have been engaged in fruit brokers for many years. Zhao Jian has a deep experience in some changes. First, consumers' requirements for fruit quality are getting higher and higher, and the control of the supermarket, especially the high -end supermarket, has become more and more stricter. The second is that in the terminal sales channel, the community group purchase in recent years is very popular, which makes consumers' feedback faster and more direct.

Zhao Jian believes that the sales of Mongolian Peach Province are large and can enter high -end supermarkets because of the dual effects of quality and brand. To continue to increase quality, the cold chain must play an indispensable role. Therefore, each logistics cold chain must be seamlessly connected, so it requires higher requirements for organizational coordination of various links.

Cold storage has changed the way to sell "with the sale"

In addition to reducing transportation loss and improving the quality of agricultural products, fresh -keeping and refrigerating facilities also play an important role in the "peak sales" of agricultural products to provide protection for farmers' income.

The reporter's interview found that taking sweet potatoes as an example, before the facilities such as storage cellar were completed, the price of sweet potatoes was generally 0.4-0.5 yuan per catty, and the price was low. After the storage cellar was completed, the people temporarily storage the newly harvested sweet potatoes to avoid the downturn in the market. Before the Spring Festival, the sales price can reach 0.8-1.0 yuan per catty, and it can even reach 2 yuan per catty after the Spring Festival. In this way, the status quo of centralized listing and sluggish price has changed.

This role is reflected in the characteristic fruit kiwi in Boshan District, Zibo City.

September is the season when kiwi is listed in large quantities. This year, there is a new scene here: the newly picked kiwi is neatly placed in a moist, low -temperature preservation library, and the sorting equipment in the automated split workshop is running in an orderly manner. After the transmission chain of kiwi, it is automatically sorted to the corresponding position according to the standard size and softness of the fruit body, and the staff will pack up the sorted kiwi.

After fresh-keeping kiwi, it can be stored for 3-4 months and can be listed before the Spring Festival.

"Our fruit farmers lasted for more than ten years, and finally changed the way to sell." On the side, Wang Zhiguang, the chairman of Jasper (Zibo) Fruit and Vegetables, opened the box.

"Boshan Kiwi originated from the Yuanquan Town of Boshan District. It was introduced for the first time in 1986. After 30 years of continuous improvement, it cultivated its own variety of" Boshan Blue Jade ", which is suitable for local mountainous areas." Wang Zhiguang said.

He said that he chose a softened kiwi and opened a small mouth on it. With his mouth, the delicious flesh could be sucked into the mouth.

"The tender and juicy is the advantage of Boshan Kiwi, but it also increases its difficulty in storage, transportation and sales." Wang Zhiguang said.

The reporter's interview found that for Boshan Kiwi, the biggest shortcomings were short picking periods and short storage periods. Because of this, it is difficult for Boshan kiwi to enter the mall and supermarket sales. It is understood that a fruit cargo frame period is more than three months before reaching cooperation with the supermarket. "Our kiwi does not reach this standard, the picking period is less than a month, and it is stored for less than a month after picking it." A local fruit farmer said.

The sales time is concentrated, and the sales are scattered, and the sales of e -commerce has become the main sales model. Fruit farmers' e -commerce sales are not e -commerce platforms such as Taobao and Pinduoduo, but are mainly WeChat friends. The fruit farmer said that some customers said in WeChat to call him the money, and he sent a courier. "Customers have accumulated over the years. I print my mobile phone number on the box. Some of them come to pick and buy them on the spot." He said. These problems have caused the price unstable and have not been resolved for many years. Wang Zhiguang said, "When the original amount was small, the people were completely digested by picking and selling themselves.

The problems in storage, transportation, and sales are not solved, and the brand of "Boshan Blue Jade" is difficult to start. The storage time is short, and there is no sufficient sales period in large markets and platforms, and market stickiness cannot be produced. The reputation of "Boshan Jasper" is more limited to the local area, and wants to play a national popularity. The solution to this bottleneck is to extend the storage period and sales period by refrigerating the preservation facilities of the construction of the production area.

Wang Zhiguang immediately led the surrounding fruit farmers to start trying. In 2020, they built a small fresh -keeping library for testing. Due to the special characteristics of kiwi fruits, ordinary cold storage effects are not good, so "water molecules activation technology" are used. "The test is very successful." Wang Zhiguang said.

"Last year, with our cooperatives as the main body, we built a preservation library of 600 tons of total library capacity." Wang Zhiguang said that the time was a bit late when it was completed last year, and the season of kiwi was a large scale. This year, the role of the cold storage fully appeared. At present, the preservation library has stored 450 tons of kiwi for cooperatives and surrounding farmers.

The project is also equipped with an automated sub -workshop, providing new equipment and new technologies for kiwi storage.

"The water molecular activation technology for fresh -keeping space electric field is very advanced. This is a physical fresh -keeping process that activates the water molecule in the ingredients through the low -voltage and low -frequency space electric field to activate the energy of the ingredients to form a low -temperature, sterile fresh -keeping ecological ecology Environment. "Wang Zhiguang introduced.

This fresh -keeping library gives the local kiwi prices a role of Dinghai God needle. "It turned out that after August 15th, it was difficult for kiwi to run, and the price would fall at once, but the price this year will not fall." Wang Zhiguang said.

Now, the old fruit farmers are confident.

Which "bottlenecks" need to crack

The first thing that is to build a refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities for the construction of agricultural products is the issue of funding. During the interview, a number of cold storage operating entities stated that the construction of the cold storage construction was large in the early stage and the operating costs were not low.

Yi Jiyu introduced construction and operating costs to reporters. The 6 cold storage they built invested a total of 12 million yuan. After a year, the electricity cost of more than 400,000 yuan, and the salary of forklift workers and refrigerant more than 300,000 yuan. The charging standard is that the fruit category with a short storage time such as peaches is 0.1 yuan/catties, and the long -term fruit category of fruit category is 0.2 yuan/catties. "It can only be operated for five or six years to recover the construction cost." Yi Jiyu said.

In 2021, Mengyin County was selected into the pilot of refrigerating the area of ​​the national agricultural product producing areas. The supporting funds were 20 million yuan. The cold storage of Yu Guo Farmers' Professional Cooperative received subsidies at 30%of construction investment.

Wang Zhiguang told reporters that their projects invested 21 million yuan. Shandong Agricultural Resources Company provided financing guarantees for Boshan Kiwi industry to help farmers get discounted loans. "If you only rely on the power of fruit farmers themselves, it is difficult to achieve." Wang Zhiguang said.

The reporter's interview found that in some forests and fruits, most of the main body of the cold storage itself is a fruit broker.

In this regard, industry insiders said that the investment scale of cold storage and cold chain facilities, long recycling cycles, and high operating costs. Local localities should strengthen overall planning planning, organize and implement in an orderly manner, strengthen policy support, and use financial funds to leverage social capital.

Song Xichuan said that the role of financial funds was very obvious. In 2021, more than 120 storage refrigerated facilities in the construction (reconstruction) of Mengyin County increased the library capacity by nearly 50,000 tons.

The reporter's interview found that the degree of informatization is not high, which is also one of the current problems in the construction of the cold storage.

As one of the heads of the construction of the county's cold storage, Liu Yuanqing, Chief of the Rural Industry Section of the Mengyin County Agricultural and Rural Bureau, introduced that as part of the promotion of pilot counties, last year, they set up the "Digital Management Information System of Refrigeration Fresh Reservation Facilities in Mengyin County" Essence

In his office, the reporter saw the operation of the system. The system includes all cold storage in the county and sets sensors in the cold storage to monitor the temperature.

"Data can be found in the background. If the temperature is abnormal, this system can warn the cold storage manager." Liu Yuanqing said.

Another role of the system is to prepare the goods in a timely manner to guide customers to appropriate cold inventory. In addition, the daily price changes in the southern fruit market are also displayed in real time for users to understand market fluctuations.

Nevertheless, these built cold storage is not enough "wisdom". Liu Yuanqing said that the cold storage should develop in a more intelligent direction. For example, in the management of the entry and exit storage, it is still manual registered entry information. When the peaches are listed in large quantities, the workers are too busy, resulting in the inadequate information transfer.

"We are more efficient in the collection of automation and intelligent information collection in the collection and exit of information." Liu Yuanqing said, but in terms of current conditions, the difficulty is still very difficult. He expects more funds and technical support. In addition, the category of agricultural products is complicated, and each category needs to be stored in different temperature and operation methods, which tests the exploration and practice of various places.

The "Fourteenth Five -Year Cold Chain Logistics Development Plan" of Shandong Province clearly proposes that the construction of Laiyang pear, Zhanhua winter dates, Jiaodong big cherry and other famous water fruit cold chain logistics system. Support the cold chain logistics network node carrier into the fruit processing industry cluster area such as Qixia Apple, Mengyin Peach, Weihai Figs and Figs.

"At present, the vast majority of agricultural products have not been treated with pre -cold treatment, and the cold chain distribution center at the county and township levels lacks, and the cold chain capacity is insufficient." In addition, the classics of agricultural products All links such as refrigeration and transportation have not yet formed a complete and unified standard, which are the focus of future construction.

Of course, the "first kilometer" of agricultural product production is truly "the fresher one kilometer", and it is necessary to standardize the cold chain unit installation and distribution cold chain facilities and equipment. This will provide strong support for improving the development level of the agricultural industry, ensuring effective supply of agricultural products, and enhancing agricultural products' anti -risk capabilities.

(□ Intern Zhang Chi participated in writing)

Agricultural products are refrigerated and fresh, these practices are worth learning

In promoting the construction of agricultural refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities, it is actively exploring all over the country. Many of them are worthy of reference.

Guangdong Province encourages Tiantou Smart Station to build. The construction of Tiantou Smart Station will be included in the scope of agricultural machinery purchase subsidies. Tiantou Smart Station Mobile Cold Link Cars will be included in a fixed scope of subsidies for refrigerated fresh -keeping equipment.

Relying on the province's agricultural product warehousing fresh -keeping cold chain logistics backbone network, in the stages of steps in the construction of important agricultural products in the province, the construction of storage, processing packaging, and live broadcasting e -commerce, to build a group of advanced parts Pilot county. Establish a cold -chain logistics system that is well -equipped, reasonable, effective, and sustainable, and promotes the construction of Tiantou Smart Station in key counties (cities, districts) of fresh agricultural products. In terms of land use, the government will give support to incorporate the management of the Tiantou Smart Station and its auxiliary facilities that comply with the regulations of the facility agricultural land, and include the management of the facility agricultural land; Co-ordinate arrangements.

Zhejiang Province issued the "Promoting Rural passenger and shipping integration to promote the high -quality development of rural logistics to help the construction of a special rich demonstration zone construction", and promotes the construction of fresh agricultural and fishing products in the field of field, fish island terminal, main production and sales, etc. Low -temperature sorting, refrigerated warehousing and other facilities and equipment, open the "first kilometer" of the cold chain logistics of fresh agricultural products.

By 2025, the construction of 100 agricultural products storage and fresh cold chain logistics base will be constructed. Support cross -regional cooperation in mountainous counties, island counties, and other regional cooperation, develop cold chain returning goods in alpine vegetables, seafood and other cold chains, explore the development of custom transportation of the source of agricultural products, and improve the cold chain logistics service capacity throughout the process.

The "Implementation Plan for the Construction of Refrigeration Fresh Reservation Facilities in Jiangsu Province in 2022" proposed that in addition to the implementation of the main body, construction content, and subsidy standards in accordance with the implementation plan, pilot counties must concentrate their strength to break through the weak links and encourage conditions to rely on the cold chain of the place of origin Collection and allocation center, improve e -commerce service functions, and build agricultural e -commerce industrial parks. In the cultivation of agricultural product production, the main body of refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities and innovative operation service models, cultivate a number of agricultural product brands and service brands, and take the lead in forming a cold chain logistics service network that is compatible with the development of the modern agricultural industry.

Jilin Province proposes that the organization will build a refrigerated fresh -keeping facility in key towns and central villages, focusing on supporting the construction of ventilation storage facilities, mechanical refrigeration libraries, gas -tone refrigeration libraries, and pre -cold facilities and other supporting facilities to continuously improve the comprehensive utilization of facilities Efficiency, meet the needs of fresh -keeping and commercialization of Tiantou. Guide various market entities to important circulation nodes in agricultural products, build and transform the cold chain collection center of agricultural products, strengthen the functions of pre -cold, sorting grading, initial processing, distribution distribution, and direct sales of agricultural products, to create comprehensive services that support agricultural products uplifting. platform. Encourage the digital and intelligent construction of refrigerated fresh -keeping facilities that meet the actual refrigeration facilities, and improve the information level of cold chain logistics in the production of agricultural products.

Anhui Province actively implements preferential power consumption policies, and implements the electricity price of fresh storage facilities for fresh storage facilities in rural areas for family farms, farmers' cooperatives, and village collective economic organizations to implement agricultural production electricity prices. The agricultural and rural departments of various places actively assist the development and reform departments to docking the power department to help the construction subject enjoy the relevant electricity discounts. The construction land for the construction of agricultural products refrigerated and preservation facilities will be tilted, and the land for fresh preservation storage is included in the management of facilities agricultural land management. For the centralized construction of storage and fresh chain facilities for the construction of the Tiantou market, the annual new construction land plan plan is given priority.

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