Chopped pepper fish heads are in a hurry!They let the "fat head fish" grow "devil figure"

Text ｜ "China Science News" reporter Hu Yanqi

Zhongke Jiayu No. 1. Interviewee confidence

Steamed fish heads, vinegar catfish heads, chopped pepper fish heads, fish head cakes, fish head stewed tofu ... A fish head can make hundreds of dishes. Chinese people like to say that catfish is "fat head fish", because of its outstanding "head ratio", coupled with delicious meat, the consumption of more than 3.1 million tons a year has reached an amazing 3.1 million tons.

Few people noticed the quiet change of its body, especially the "signboard" head, which seemed to be getting smaller and smaller. This is related to the degeneration of fish germ resources caused by high -intensity artificial reproduction and poor management. Therefore, the aquatic market urgently needs new varieties of catfish breeding.

Recently, the first artificial breeding variety of fish breeding in my country, "Zhongke Jiajia No. 1", officially passed the approval of the original national aquatic product species and the Nice Economic Declaration Committee and the announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Ministry. The two generations of scientists, the Institute of Aquatic Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the aquatic institutes), have worked hard for 30 years.

Call back to the "three heads"

In our country, 鳙 is a widely distributed indigenous fish. From Heilongjiang to the Yangtze River, and then to the Pearl River, they are the main areas of their wild life. The artificial breeding area is a variety of water bodies in the southeast and northwest.

"Before the 1950s, people eating fish was mainly caught in the wild." Tong Jingou, a researcher at the aquatic institute, said that the output of aquaculture in my country at that time was extremely low, and all breeding fish add up to hundreds of thousands of tons of districts a year.

Eating by the sky means that the amount of fishing and quality is very unstable. By the 1950s and 1960s, my country's aquatic industry had achieved major technical breakthroughs -green, grass, 鲢 and 鳙 "Four Fish" artificial reproduction was successful. In this way, domestic aquaculture production has begun to increase rapidly.

Tong Jingou told the "China Science News" that unlike carp and catfish, "Four Fish" belongs to the same fish. These fish that go through the reproductive travelers are more complicated, have a long history of life, have long sexual maturity cycles, and are more difficult for artificial reproduction technology.

At present, the annual output of "Four Fish" exceeds 13 million tons, accounting for about 48%of my country's total fish breeding. The highest -produced grass carp even exceeded 5.75 million tons.

High -intensity artificial reproduction has increased the output of breeding year by year. However, due to the different levels of quality management of seedlings production units, some irregular operations of small workshop fishing grounds in the breeding process directly lead to some farming fish species resources appear on the emergence Degenerate.

"Consumers generally don't pay attention, the growth rate of 鳙 is declining, and the characteristics of the body are getting worse." Tong Jingou said. The classic figure of catfish is "three -headed body", with a large head of fish, accounting for about 30%to 33%of the length of the body, and the shape is relatively well -proportioned. And when its traits degenerate, the most obvious is the smaller and smaller head.

The aquatic market urgently needs a new variety of catfish breeding with rapid growth and excellent body shape, ending the history of farming wild catfish for thousands of years, and making catfish a real "home fish".

Technical+physical+time

In the early 1990s, Wu Qingjiang, an older generation of fish genetic breeding scholars, pioneered the research of genetic breeding subjects objective, and led the team to start breeding related work in 1993.

"No one was optimistic about this work at that time, because it was more difficult, and few people were willing to do this job." Tong Jingou said frankly, "A catfish needs 4 to 5 years, and breeding needs at least 4 generations to choose 4 generations. . Without twenty years, it can't be raised at all. "

According to the survey data of the existing fishery and germplasm resources in the predecessors, the Wu Qingjiang team collected 20,000 wild -sized juveniles in the Wuhan -Huanggang River section in the Yangtze River, which was artificially selected and reproduced as the 0th generation because The quality of wild catfish there is the best.

Each breeding generation has experienced 3 breeding processes, ranging from 6 to 12 months, respectively. During this period, researchers need to spend a lot of time to measure the growth rate, body length, head and body, and head length of catfish. After survival of the fittest, the best individual of growth and body shape traits will be cultivated to mature them. As the next generation of reproduction pro -proof.

A mature catfish weighs 10-15 kg and 20 kg is large. In order to ensure the accuracy and specifications of the measurement data, the researchers personally did it in each year before sexual maturity. Only when the artificial reproduction period really can't hold these "big pieces", can the fishing ground staff instruct the fishing ground staff in fishing and artificial oxyticism.

"Every generation of reproduction, we will choose about 500,000 fish seedlings for repeated breeding process, the preferred rate is 40,000 to eight in 10,000." Tong Jingou said.

Tong Jingou officially took over the relay stick of his mentor Wu Qingjiang in 2001 and became the second -generation scientific researcher selected by catfish. In order to improve the efficiency of artificial breeding, his team also carried out the basis and application research of cell engineering and molecular breeding technology.

He improved the nuclear development technology of the catfish, which improved the success rate of this technology to a magnitude of magnitude, thereby quickly establishing the excellent characteristics required for pure and stable. In terms of molecular marking auxiliary breeding, the Tong Jingou team discovered 10 genes related to the growth rate, head ratio and weight of the cricket, so as to assist accurate positioning the target characteristics of the breeding target. "The application of these technologies in the later stage of artificial breeding mainly plays the role of excellent selection." Tong Jingou explained.

Aquatic breeds are more good and good

In 2018, "China Science and Technology No. 1" finally below the persistence and efforts of the scientists of the aquatic institute for more than 20 years. But is it a high -quality and high -quality breeding variety? In the next three years, the Tong Jingou team has experienced strict productive comparison and trial breeding tests in more than 8,100 acres of ponds in Hubei and Jiangsu Province. The results showed that under the same breeding conditions, compared with the local unsaptible catfish, the "Zhongke Jiajia No. 1" increased by an average of more than 14.5%at an average age, and the average length of the head was more than 5.5%.

"Without increasing investment, the new breed of catfish varieties seedlings will be increased by at least 300 to 400 yuan per acre. Those who have good breeding technology can reach 500 ~ 600 yuan." "No." has attracted the attention of many farmers during the R & D and demonstration breeding stage.

In the next two or three or three years, the Tong Jingou team will focus on the research on the efficient breeding model of catfish varieties and large -scale promotion and demonstration breeding operations nationwide.

"my country has become the largest country for aquaculture and consumption for many years, and fishery output is very high. However, the aquatic industry has a large seed industry, which is not strong, the proportion of good varieties is not high, and the aquatic breeding practitioners have a long way to go." Tong Jingou pointed out.

In the early years, such a time -consuming and cost -effective species research was very difficult to obtain long -term scientific research funding. "I thought about giving up a few times." But Tong Jin Gou said frankly and unwilling, and gave up the same way as he found. He can only try his best to strive for some basic national aquatic basic research projects, and from time to time, "dismantle the east wall and supplement the west wall."

In recent years, as my country has continuously improved the importance and investment in the seed industry and germplasm resources, fish artificial breeding has begun to receive the attention of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and local governments. In his opinion, this can not only play a effective protective role in wild fish population resources, help the aquaculture practitioners increase yield and income, but also better satisfy consumers' "appetite".

"I hope that the important foundation and application research related to the hydraulic industry can be supported by the country's long -term stability like the crop and animal husbandry industry, so that genetic breeding researchers have contributed more for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of the freshwater fish breeding industry in my country . "Tong Jingou said that there are many artificially cultivated fish in my country, each with its own characteristics. Only by grasping fish with large output or high value, and striving to cultivate more high -yield and high -quality new varieties, can we provide more people with more people to provide more people. High -quality protein creates greater socio -economic value.

"China Science News" (2022-09-06 The first edition of the original title "Let the" Fathead Fish "have more outstanding" head and body "")

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