Change of Public Welfare Forest

Text/Director of the Director of the Forestry Bureau of Shaanxi Province

China Forest = China Charity Forest+Chinese Commodity Forest. Chinese commodity forest is an economic forest, material forest, and energy forest with market operations as the main functions; China Charity Forest is a protective forest and special use forest with public ecological products and public ecological environment services. Therefore, commercial forests can be called market economy forests, and public welfare forests are also ecological public welfare forests, including forests, forests, and forest land.

According to the ninth forest resource inspection data, 1.85 billion acres of national public welfare forests are across the country, accounting for 43.4%of the forest area. The national public welfare forests are mainly distributed in the three northeast provinces, Inner Mongolia, southwest forest areas, as well as important ecological locations in the northwest, and the vulnerable ecological environment. China's public welfare forest shows the structural characteristics of the "Five Main": First, the state -owned forests are mainly forests, 970 million acres of state -owned forests, accounting for 52.62%, and 880 million acres of collective forests, accounting for 47.38%(of which 500 million acres are contracted, accounting for 27.055.05 %). The second is the main forest, with 1.510 billion acres of protective forests, accounting for 81.55%, and 340 million acres of forests, accounting for 18.45%. Third, natural forests are mainly, natural forests were 1.45 billion acres, accounting for 78.57%, and artificial forests were 400 million acres, accounting for 21.43%. Fourth, Joe Mulin is the main. Qiaomilin is 1.59 billion acres, accounting for 85.52%, 230 million acres of special irrigation forests, accounting for 12.86%, and bamboo forests are 30 million acres, accounting for 1.62%. Fifth, broad -leaved forests, broad -leaved forests 1.1 billion acres, accounting for 59.77%, coniferous forests 610 million acres, accounting for 33.19%, needle wide mixed forests of 130 million acres, accounting for 7.04%.

Forest is the main body of the land ecosystem. The public welfare forest is the main body of the forest ecosystem. The management of public welfare forest ecological protection and public welfare forest ecosystem has become the core content of the Chinese forestry system in the new era of ecological civilization. The development of China's public welfare forest has gone through four important stages.

(1) The stage of the protective forest belt is the main body

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, hundreds of wastes are waiting, and restoring production and development of the economy is the primary task. To meet the needs of wood, forests are regarded as economic resources, and the forest industry has become the basic industry. For the purpose of promoting production, formulate forestry policies. Create a forest and forest belt in farmland and pastures, and create various types of protective forests such as windproof sand, soil and water conservation, coastal protection, and farmland protection. In order to use the forest ecological protection function, it can be regarded as the predecessor of ecological public welfare forests.

In 1949, the "Common Program of the People's Political Consultative Conference of China" made a decision to "protect forests and plan to develop forestry". In 1950, the first National Forestry Conference determined the policy of "general forest protection, focusing on afforestation, reasonable logging and reasonable use". In 1951, the National Forestry Conference was further clarified. The general forest protection mountains were implemented. In 1952, the National Forestry Conference decided to continue to create the northeast and western protective forests and the lower reaches of the western Ji, East Henan, and Yongding River. The north protective forest belt, combined with the yellow and Huaihuai project, creates flood prevention forests in the upper reaches of the Luohe River and Wu Ding River, the upper reaches of the Huaihe River, and the upper reaches of the Yongding River.

In 1956, five scientists such as Bingzhi and Qian Chongpeng proposed to the third meeting of the first National People's Congress, "Determining natural forests in various provinces (districts) in the country to protect natural vegetation for scientific research needs for scientific research. "No. 92 proposal. In the same year, the Ministry of Forestry formulated the draft objects, methods, and regions of the Nature Reserve to protect the primitive forest resources and vegetation and wild animals and plant resources. In 1958, the forestry and forest industry plan for the second five years of the Forestry Department made clear that the basic tasks of the forestry and forestry industry have strengthened forest management, improved forest growth, and better play the protection and economic role of forests. In the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council's "Instructions on the Large -scale Forestry Making in the country" requirements, adhered to the principles of dependence on cooperatives, actively developing the policy of state -owned forest farms, and doing a good job of updating and forestry. In the same year, the Ministry of Forestry's "State -owned Forestry Manager Regulations" proposed that state -owned forests should follow the ideas of forest species. In 1962, the State Council's "Notice on the Conservation, Mining, Construction of Water Conservancy and Traffic Projects Should Pay attention to the Soil and Water Conservation" clearly stated that soil and water conservation forests, farmland protective forests, sand forests, surrounding Da Reservoir, and its main tributaries on both sides of the strait of the soil and soil loss are clear. Forests within the scope of railways within the scope of the scope, mountainous areas, and soil -oriented areas are generally stipulated as prohibited areas, and forest protection shores and sand prevention. In 1962, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed that "the business of forestry should be rationally harvested, combined with breeding, the more harvested the more, the better, the better, the blue mountains are always there, and it is sustainable." This is the requirements of the forest sustainable operation.

(2) The stage of the protective forest system is the main body

At the beginning of the reform and opening up, the sequelae of "grain as the outline" and "material as the outline" gradually became prominent, the forest vegetation was severely damaged, and the problems of ecological environment became more and more prominent. People have begun to attach importance to forest ecological functions, and thus establish a new work policy. In 1979, the construction of the "Three North" protective forest projects was opened, and the State Council approved the establishment of the Leading Group for the Sanbei Protective Forestry Construction. In 1981, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council's "Decision on Protecting Several Issues of Forestry Development Forestry" made it clear, protecting forests, developing forestry, and adjusting forestry development strategies. In 1985, the "Forest Law" clearly divided the five major forest species: protective forests, materials forests, economic forests, salary forests and special use forests. From 1988 to 1991, the construction project of the coastal protection forest system, the construction project of the middle and upstream protective forest system of the Yangtze River, and the national sand control project were implemented. After 1992, the policy shifted. The State Council approves the "Notice on the Essentials of the Reform of the Economic System in 1992" and proposes the "Establishment of Forest Ecological Benefits Compensation Fees". In 1995, the National System Reform Commission and the Forestry Ministry of Forestry's "General Outline of the Reform of the Forestry Economic System" clearly stated that the cultivation of forest resources should designate public welfare forests and commercial forests in accordance with the use of forests and production and operation purposes, and implement classified operations and classification management. Incorporate materials forests, economic forests, and carbon forests into commodity forests, and include forests and special use forests into public welfare forests. In 1996, the Ministry of Forestry promoted the reform of classification operations, issued the "Notice on the Pilot Work of Forestry Classification Operation Reform", and held a symposium on forestry classification operation reform. In 1998, Zhu Rongji emphasized that the forestry ecological construction should be put first, and the natural forests of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin were comprehensively stopped and the protection of natural forest resources was implemented. In 1999, the State Forestry Administration's "Notice on the Definition of the National Forest Classification Area" was clear, and the definition of forest classification areas was carried out.

During this period, forest classification operations have been started, but they have not been fully landed. However, there are "binaryizations" and "dual -track systems" of public welfare forests and commercial forests, which will appear to form and establish forest ecological benefits for future public welfare forests and commodity forests. The system lays the foundation.

(3) The comprehensive establishment stage of the public welfare forest system

Entering the new century, the demand for high -quality ecological products and beautiful ecological environment is growing, and the value of the ecological environment of forests has increased. Sustainable forest development has become an important aspect of the country's sustainable development strategy. Forests must be required to provide more public ecological products and better public ecological environment services. It will inevitably require the increase in forest's public welfare and building public welfare forests. It is bound to require a policy system that is compatible with forest public welfare.

China Charity Forest = protective forest+special use forest. In 2000, the State Council's "Regulations on the Implementation of the Forest Law" stipulated that "the operators of protective forests and special forests have the right to obtain compensation for forest ecological benefits." In the same year, the National Forestry Classification Operation Conference deployed forest areas to define operation specifications, key ecological public welfare forests, ecological charity forest compensation, and two types of forest resource management systems, and released the "Technical Indicators of Public Welfare Forest and Commodity Forest Classification". In 2001, the Ministry of Finance's "Administrative Measures for Forest Ecological Benefits (Interim)" clearly stated that the establishment of forest ecological benefits subsidy funds is mainly used to provide the protection and management of forests and special forests that provide ecological benefits. Budget. At the same time, local governments are required to establish local forest ecological benefits subsidy funds in accordance with local actual conditions.

China Charity Forest = National Charity Forest+Local Welfare Forest. In 2001, the State Forestry Administration's "National Public Welfare Forest Confirmation Measures (Interim)" stipulated that the national public welfare forest's scope, declaration and approval procedure. In the same year, the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision formed a series of standards for the "Ecological Public Welfare Forest Construction", including the "Guidelines for Ecological Public Welfare Forest Construction", "Planning and Design of Ecological Public Welfare Forest Construction", "Technical Regulations for Ecological Public Welfare Forest Construction", which strongly promoted the promotion Ecological public welfare forest development. In 2001, the national forest ecological benefit subsidy fund was launched. The scope includes 685 counties and 24 national nature reserves in 11 provinces including Heilongjiang, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Fujian. Subsidy 5 yuan. Open a new era for government purchase of forest ecological environment services. In 2002, Shenzhen issued the "Regulations on Ecological Public Welfare Forest" to take the lead in carrying out local legislation of public welfare forests. In 2003, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council's "Decision on Accelerating the Development of Forestry" proposed that under the premise of giving full play to the many aspects of the forest, the national forestry zone is divided into two categories: public welfare forestry and commodity forestry, respectively. Management system. In 2004, the Ministry of Finance and the State Forestry Administration's "Defining Measures for the Planning of Key Ecological Public Welfare Forests" and "Administrative Measures for the Central Forest Ecological Evidence Compensation Fund" established the national forest ecological compensation fund system. In 2006, Jiangsu Province promulgated the Ecological Public Welfare Forest Regulations. In 2007, the Ministry of Finance and the State Forestry Administration revised the "Administrative Measures for the Compensation Fund of the Central Financial Forest Ecological Evidence" to increase the scope of the central financial subsidy and strengthen management and protection subsidies. In 2009, the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Finance issued the "Measures for Defining the State Public Welfare Forestry Area". In 2010, the Ministry of Finance and the State Forestry Administration's "Interim Measures for the Management of Forest Nutrication Subsidy Pilot Fund" stipulated that the forest farms, village collectives, forestry workers and farmers who undertake forest nursery mission.

(4) Reform and innovation, accurate and integrated development stage

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it has implemented the concept of "green mountains and green mountains is the golden mountains and silver mountains" and "people and nature are the community of life", giving full play to the multifunctional of forests and meeting the increasing diversified needs.

National Charity Forest = First -level National Public Welfare Forest+Secondary National Public Welfare Forest. In 2012, the Ministry of Finance and the State Forestry Administration's "Administrative Measures for the Central Financial Forestry Subsidy Fund" clearly stated that the central financial budget arrangement of afforestation subsidy funds, forest breeding subsidy funds, and forestry varieties subsidy funds. Collective or contracted public welfare forest. In 2013, the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Finance's "State -level Charity Forest Management Measures" clarified the rules of public welfare forest protection management and management management rules. In 2015, the State Forestry Administration and Ministry of Finance made it clear through television conferences to comprehensively stop the natural forests of the state -owned forestry area. In 2016, the State Council's guidance on the reform of all natural resources assets of all people pointed out that the establishment of a paid use of state -owned forest resources, and state -owned natural forests, public welfare forests and other state -owned forest land and forest resources assets shall not be transferred. In 2017, the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Finance's "Defining Measures for the State Public Welfare Forestry Area" and "Administrative Measures for the State -level Charity Forestry" stated that they divided the national public welfare forests into a second level and the first -level national public welfare forest within the forest land protection level That is, the first -level national public welfare forest, the others are second -level national public welfare forests. The number of national public welfare forests, quality, functions and benefits is an important part of the forest coverage rate and forest accumulation index of forest storage indicators. In 2019, the General Office of the State Council of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the General Office of the State Council of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, stated that the implementation of natural forest protection and public welfare forest management was implemented. In the same year, the National Development and Reform Commission's "Pilot Pilot Plan for Ecological Comprehensive Compensation" stated that it improved the use of forest ecological benefits compensation funds, and preferentially transformed poor people with labor capabilities into ecological protection personnel. In the same year, the State Forestry Grassland Bureau carried out the "one picture" integration of national public welfare forests and forest resources management, and the national public welfare forest monitoring and evaluation work, and compiled the "National Public Welfare Forest Monitoring Evaluation Report (2019)". In 2020, the newly revised "Forest Law" clearly stated in the "General Principles", and implemented classified management of public welfare forests and commercial forests to establish differentiated management and management and protection systems. In 2021, the Ministry of Finance and the State Forestry Grassland Bureau revised the "Administrative Measures for Forestry Reform and Development and Development Fund" to clarify forest resource management expenditure for natural forest protection management and forest ecological benefits compensation. In 2021, the General Office of the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Ecological Protection Compensation System" clearly stated that it improved the dynamic adjustment mechanism of public welfare forest compensation standards, and encouraged localities to explore differentiated compensation for public welfare forests in accordance with the actual exploration of public welfare forests.

The development of China's public welfare forestry industry shows that public welfare forests are to manage the public welfare cause, establish and improve the legal forest legal system, public welfare forest compensation subsidy system, public welfare forest protection system, and public welfare forest supervision system. Facing the new situation and new changes, we must accelerate the management of natural forest management to public welfare forest management, create a complete and unified public welfare forest information management system, carry out dynamic monitoring of public welfare forests, and compensate for the ecological forest system, the new investment and financing system, and the forest ecological benefits compensation system , The state -owned forest resources paid use system integrates and develops, promotes the improvement of quality and efficiency of the public welfare forest ecosystem, and provides more and more high quality ecological products and ecological environment services. Root pulse.

Reading link: Shaanxi Charity Forest

Shaanxi is a green country, the ancestral pulse Qinling, the central water tower, and the source of important rivers, bringing the status of public welfare forest provinces. The "one picture" data of forest resources, 187 million acres of forest land in the province in 2020, of which 139 million acres of public welfare forests, accounting for 45.1%of the province's land, and 73.9%of the forest land. Among them, 91.947 million acres of public welfare forests, 66.1%of the province's charity forest, 48.9%of the forest land, 47.404 million acres of local public welfare forests, 33.9%of the province's charity forest, and 25.22%of the forest land. Among the national public welfare forests, the first -level protection of public welfare forests was 11.849 million mu, accounting for 12.9%, and the secondary protection of public welfare forests was 80.99 million mu, accounting for 87.1%. Among the national public welfare forests, the state -owned forests were 41.647 million mu, accounting for 45.3%, and the collective forest was 50.301 million mu, accounting for 54.7%; in the local public welfare forest, 7.916 million mu, accounting for 16.7%, the collective forest 39.488 million mu, accounting for 83.3%, accounting for 83.3% Essence Among the national public welfare forests, natural forests were 68.41 million mu, accounting for 74.4%, and artificial forests were 23.537 million mu, accounting for 25.6%; in local public welfare forests, natural forests were 24.839 million mu, accounting for 52.4%, and artificial forests were 22.565 million mu, accounting for 47.6%of 47.6%. Essence

Shaanxi Shangluo is in Qinling. After years of exploration and practice, Shang Luo took the lead in promoting the management of natural forests and public welfare forests in parallel, and exploring the formation of a "Shangluo forest model" with "a system and two pillars".The first is the systemic forest guard. The core is the "village community forest protection": the county -level forest guard center (wildlife and natural forest protection management center) coordinating, town -level forestry station (Forestry Station of Agricultural Service Center) is responsible for management, village -level forest guard station, Forest Protection Patlist+Sky Protection Forest+Ecological Forest.The second is the cooperative forest guard. The core is the "venue forest": the new ecological forest farm (state -owned+collective+family) cooperates with afforestation. According to a certain proportion of the stock, the forest protection station is set up, and the field employees are the webmaster.member.The two models complement each other, and the public welfare forest management is covered.Note: This article is the second chapter of the second chapter of the Trends of China Forestry in the 211th Century.

Source: Public Number Party Double Natal Professional Log

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