Fight the long -lasting battle of "Cancer of Wheat" -Interview with Kang Zhensheng, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

Kang Zhensheng, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering

In 2021, my country ’s pests and insect pests are controlled and controlled, and 250 billion kg of grain can be recovered, accounting for 18.3% of the country's total grain output

"Pests and insect pests are eternal problems. It is impossible to deal with these problems once and for all, and the level and level of harm of pests and insect pests are constantly changing. As a response, we can only strengthen the selection of disease resistance, strengthen the early warning of crop disease and insects Poison pesticide screening and strengthening the application of public welfare prevention and control measures. "

Science and effective prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests are important measures to ensure national food security and high -quality agricultural green and high -quality development. The China Science and Technology Association recently released a major problem of 2022 major issues. How to scientifically and effectively prevent and control wheat stem -based corruption lesions listed one of 10 industrial technical issues.

Wheat undercib, rust, stem -based rot disease, etc. are called "carcinoma of wheat". Several generations of scientists and many agricultural workers in my country have made unremitting struggles to protect the safety of food. Kang Zhensheng, one of the representatives of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and the director of the State Key Laboratory of Crops of Crops in the Crops of Crops, which has long been engaged in major wheat diseases and the research of prevention and control technology, is one of the representatives of them.

Recently, combined with how to prevent and control wheat stem corruption in science and control, why is the current rust prevention and control situation still severe and how to effectively prevent and control several major wheat diseases. The reporter interviewed Academician Kang Zhen Sheng.

Kang Zhensheng, who had been on the same life with wheat disease, believed that the key to "insects are not disaster, and the disease is not popular" is "prevention -oriented, comprehensive prevention and control". "Pests and insect pests are eternal problems. It is impossible to deal with these problems once and for all, and the level and level of harm of pests and insect pests are constantly changing. As a response, we can only strengthen the selection of disease resistance, strengthen the early warning of crop disease and insects Poison pesticide screening and strengthening the application of public welfare prevention and control measures. "Kang Zhensheng said.

Combat with wheat bacteria for food

Reporter: How did you come into contact with and enter the major of plant pathology? What is the significance of this major to ensure the safety of national food?

Kang Zhensheng: I am the first student after the college entrance examination. Before coming to Yang Ling's Northwest Agricultural College (one of the predecessor of Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology), I went to the countryside in Shiquan County, Shaanxi Province. In the production team, I have run the noodle room and have raised pigs. At that time, the volunteer Times was the agricultural mechanization major of the Northwest Agricultural College, which was later admitted to the plant protection major. I didn't quite understand what the major was doing at the time. A brigade accounting told me that it was studying crop pests.

After enrollment, we have a strong desire for knowledge. In my sophomore year, Teacher Li Junyan, who taught the plant pathology, opened a symposium after class. From the leaf of the onset of the disease, the field crops may also be infected by the pathogenic bacteria, causing the disease to lose losses. Since then, I have been more interested in plant pathology, and have also made a graduation internship for cotton disease prevention and treatment with Teacher Li.

Ensuring food safety is an eternal theme in my country. For decades, we have changed the farmland environment in the process of pursuing the high quality and high output of agricultural products, and the crop has a decrease in disease resistance to diseases and insect pests. In the modern agricultural ecological environment, our agricultural genetic system becomes fragile, and pests and diseases are likely to cause popularity and harm. Plant protection and diseases and insect prevention and control have a very important role in ensuring food safety. In 2021, my country ’s pest control and control recovered 250 billion kilograms of food, accounting for 18.3%of the country's total grain output; in 2021, my country’ s pests and insect pests were prevented and controlled, and 73 billion kg of wheat production was reduced by 26.3%of the total output.

Reporter: What benefits do you have achieved the comprehensive prevention and control technology system of wheat screen disease created by the team. What benefits do you achieve in the application and promotion of the major wheat areas in my country?

Kang Zhensheng: Wheat undercib disease is a worldwide disease, which can be caused by a variety of fungi invasion. In our country, the disease is mainly popular in the winter wheat district, South China Winter Wheat District, Huanghuai Basin Winter Winter District and the Sanjiang Plain Spring Mai District in the middle of the Yangtze River. It is the main disease and key prevention object of wheat. Wheat undercib disease can not only cause severe production of wheat, but also infected with a variety of fungal toxins, which can cause human and animal poisoning and severe diseases. Therefore, a large amount of financial resources and manpower have been invested at home and abroad for research on the prevention and control strategy of the disease and the host of the host.

In 1997, I have done a few years of research in Germany. For the first time in the world, I clarified the infectious time, parts and channels of giant bacteria, and corrected some errors and incomplete cognitions of the infection process internationally. In the past, everyone believed that the flowering period was the main time to infect wheat infection, and it was also the best time to prevent and treat wheat cinemia. Later, we corrected this opportunity to the initial flowering period.

Our team screened a batch of triazolic bactericides to solve the use of single problems in the use of centered cure in cure in China. At the same time, the comprehensive prevention and control technology system of giant mold disease was established, and the key technologies of the disease prevention and control of "partition treatment, active attack, and seeing flowers" have been established. Retain the losses of 5.6 billion kg.

Reporter: Wheat rust often causes wheat to reduce production by 10%to 30%. How do you fight with the world difficulties of the world of wheat rust bacteria?

Kang Zhensheng: Wheat rust is a low -temperature fungal disease transmitted through air. For decades, the unremitting research and hard work of my country's generations have laid the scientific research foundation of wheat rust. My teacher Li Zhenqi and researcher Liu Hanwen, a researcher at the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Shaanxi Province, rode a donkey as early as the 1950s and investigated and studied and simulated experiments in the northwest seasons in the summer and autumn. They found that the sources of the pathogenic bacteria of the eastern wheat rust every year are blowing from the west. Easy to change zone. The rusty bacteria are cool and heat -resistant, and spread through the atmospheric circulation long distance. The northwestern region is high and the temperature is low. The rusty bacteria can pass through the summer and spread all the way eastward. At that time, the Lovling wheat, which was originally introduced as a variety of disease resistance, had been widely planted for several years in the "Yuexia Easy Change Zone", and the disease resistance to rust was almost disappeared. The older generation of scientists believe that the pathogenic variation of rust bacteria is the main reason for the loss of disease resistance of wheat varieties. From 1982 to 1983, our research team traveled almost all towns and towns in southern Gansu, collecting nearly 7,000 wheat specimens. After investigation and experimental analysis, it was found and for the first time to announce the new fungus department that enables the rust of Lovling wheat in China. In the past, the traditional doctrine believes that rust bacteria is asexual reproduction, but after nearly ten years of research, our team has found that the reason why pathogenic bacteria have mutated is that there are sexual reproduction in nature. Wheat rusty bacteria are widely distributed in the northwest mountainous areas. The wild lady "has children and nurture a daughter", so that the "next generation" varies, producing new bacteria systems with strong pathogenicity, leading to the loss of disease resistance of the original disease -resistant wheat. The answer to this question, the reasonable layout of the selection of diseases, prediction predictions for disease resistance, and disease -resistant varieties, and how to form a biological barrier is of great significance.

We will prevent the prevention and control technology of rust bacteria from sexual reproduction as "covering, shovel, spray", that is, covering wheat stacks, eliminating small buns and spraying sterilization agents, and reducing the variation rate of pathogenic bacteria. We have advocated the establishment of a set of comprehensive prevention and control methods, including prevention -oriented, comprehensive prevention, focusing on controlling the principles of Yuexia District and continuous control of the winter district. , Agricultural measures in the field, and timely application of pesticides and other specific methods. Nowadays, my country's wheat rust prevention and control has gone at the forefront of the world. Every year, through the comprehensive control technology system of wheat rust, we can avoid 4 billion to 5 billion kg of grain output loss.

Δ is in a wheat field in Leidian Village, Ledian Town, Deqing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province.

Establish the concept of "Prevention -based comprehensive prevention and control"

Reporter: Why is the current rust prevention and control situation still severe? Implementation of wheat rust prevention and control, what suggestions do you have?

Kang Zhensheng: Our enemy -pathogenic bacteria, it is smart and has its own way of survival. Why is the rust rising again? In recent years, a new department has appeared, namely No. 34 in the article, which is a small species of strong pathogenicity. In fact, germ mutations have always been a problem we face. Once the germs are mutated, then the type of anti -disease types used in our production have also lost disease resistance.

In 2017 and 2020, due to the advantages of the new bacteria, and the warmth in winter, the pathogenic bacteria base was large, which caused a high incidence and popular trend of rust. However, in the process, the agricultural scientific and technological personnel were accurate. The government departments actively mobilized the masses and provided funds for prevention and control. In the end, the disease was controlled at the level of harm, that is, "disease -free". In the future, we will also prevent the sexual reproduction in the future. The new small species depends on sexual reproduction. We have developed corresponding prevention and control measures that need to be further promoted and applied. By controlling sexual reproduction, the rate of mutation of germs is to extend the use of wheat anti -rust types. This is a solution to the problem solving the problem. The fundamental way.

The rust bacteria lurks in mountainous areas in the northwest, so controlling the sources of Yuexia in the west is essential to ensure the production of wheat. On the one hand, we must mobilize the masses to take prevention and control measures, and further call on the relevant departments to attach great importance to this issue and increase investment, and make the basic work in the coming year. The movement trajectory of the germs requires us to carry out across regional full -term prevention and control. On the basis of understanding the pathogenic characteristics of the pathogenic bacteria, strengthen the selection of disease -resistant varieties, and treat disease resistance as an important indicator of varieties. At the same time, it is also necessary to pay attention to the reasonable layout of disease resistance, layout of different genes of disease resistance in different regions, form a biological barrier in a large area, and prevent the popularity of wheat rust. This is a systematic project, which involves government, farmers, plant protection experts, etc., and cannot "headache and pain, foot pain and feet", but to design a comprehensive green prevention and control system according to its rules.

Reporter: How to improve the problem of governance and light defense preserved?

Kang Zhensheng: The light and light defense will become a preventive and control measures that depend on chemical pesticides. Under the new situation, the concept of "prevention -oriented, comprehensive prevention and control" must be established, and the concept of green development of agricultural green development must be established.

Doing a good job of planting protection involves the tilt of science and technology input policies, involving the support and improvement of grass -roots agricultural technical personnel, it is a systematic project. There is no fear of insects and insects.

From the perspective of R & D, we need to understand the rules of diseases and insect pests in the new situation, and to make predictions. Clear the time and dosage of pesticides. The overall considerations of various diseases and insect pests from sowing to harvesting are considered, including varieties of disease resistance, ecological regulation, and cultivation system, creating an ecosystem that is conducive to the health of crops and is not conducive to the occurrence of pests and insect pests. It should also increase the predictions and prevention and control of pests and insect pests. Through the full cooperation of experts such as plant protection, breeding, and organic agriculture to improve the overall level of disease resistance of crops. Studying wheat stem -based rot requires multi -disciplinary joint research

Reporter: Why did wheat stem corruption in recent years have become a disaster in my country's main wheat producing area? How to perform scientific and effective prevention and control?

Kang Zhensheng: Stems -based rot is a global wheat soil transmission. It was found in Queensland, Australia in 1950. It is currently discovered in dozens of countries such as the Americas, Europe, and Asia. In our country, wheat stem -based corruption is a new disease. In 2012, it was reported for the first time in Jiaozuo, Henan. At present, the disease has expanded and spread in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces in the main producing area of ​​Huanghuaihai. The area of ​​the disease has expanded year by year, and it has spread to the wheat areas in the northwest, North China and the Yangtze River Basin. Especially in northern Henan, the central Henan, southwest of Luneng, northwestern Lu, northwestern Lu, Zhongnan, Shaanxi Guan, Jinnan and other regions, it has caused huge losses. According to the survey, the loss of the general diseased fields can reach about 20%, and the severe land loss reaches more than 60%. In addition to the decline in yield, pathogenic bacteria can also invade the ears to cause ear corruption (scylene disease), and produce fungal toxins such as vomiting toxin and corn giant pheasitone.

The disease is harmful, which is closely related to the variety resistance level, farming system, soil environment, number of raw bacteria in the field, and climatic conditions. At present, the level of wheat varieties promoted in production is relatively low, and most of them are sensitive or highly sensitive to stem -based rot disease. The Huanghuai Wheat District of my country is mainly wheat-corn-cooked farming system for a year. The return of straw to the field makes the bacteria easy to accumulate. In addition, a large amount of fertilizer is used to cause the soil ecological environment to deteriorate. Popularity. Climate change leads to drought and rain during the grouting during the warm winter and wheat, which also increases the occurrence and harm of the basal corruption of wheat stems.

Recently, pathologists from the country have conducted many concentrated discussions on what work should be carried out in the face of these situations. I suggest: First, to find out the bottom of the family as soon as possible, master the distribution of diseases, the degree of harm, and the types of pathogens; the second is to strengthen the level of related technology research and development and application to improve the level of disease monitoring and early warning; The molecular mechanism with the host; the fourth is to attach great importance to the mining of disease resistance resources to improve the ability of varieties and diseases; fifth, to strengthen green and efficient prevention and control technology and product research and development to enhance disease prevention and control capabilities; Cover.

It is recommended to establish major special projects for monitoring and early warning of wheat stem corruption disease and green prevention and control technology technology, organize the advantages of relevant research units in the country, and strengthen plant pathology, wheat breeding, wheat cultivation, soil ecology, biotechnology, information technology, biological and chemical pesticides, etc. The discipline joint research, and build a rapid monitoring and early warning system for the basal rotation disease of wheat stems as soon as possible, and the efficient green prevention and control technology system for organic integration diseases to ensure technical support for ensuring the safety of wheat safety and national food safety.

Source: Xinhua News Agency

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