American science and technology hegemony: From "self -esteem and face without a foothold" to completely shameless

This time, the abacus must be wrong!

Text | Chinese Business Tao Lue

Regarding American science and technology, people often have an illusion that its strength is because the government stands while standing, and the enterprise has let go.

But this is not the fact. From Amsterrand to the moon, to Bell Labs to push the third wave of science and technology, and then to become the World Science and Technology Center, the US government's "visible hand" did not shrink into the sleeve, but almost everywhere.

【01】

In November 1944, the Allied forces were watched, but Franklin Roosevelt fell into contemplation because of the issue of post -war development in the United States.

The fourth -time US president has experienced World War I, the Great Depression in the United States, and the current World War II. He knows that the next facing will be a very different era.

He gave this question to his scientific consultant Van Laral Bush. The two cooperated with each other during World War II.

▲ Panal Bush

Under Roosevelt's advice, Bush established the Science Research and Development Bureau (OSRD), which directly responsible for the president and became the "general headquarters" of the national scientific activities during the war.

Its core operation model is that the government contracts major scientific research projects to scientific research institutions and private enterprises through OSRD. Based by the government, universities and research institutions do basic and applied research, and private enterprises are responsible for the implementation of production.

The relationship between the US government and the scientific community has therefore a subtle change -no longer relying on administrative forces to directly control science, but to provide funds and mobilize the scientific research power of the whole society through the contract system.

During World War II, the US government's research and development funds increased from 480 million US dollars in 1940 to $ 5 billion in 1945, accounting for 18%of all scientific research funds across the country to 83%.

OSRD signed more than 2,300 research contracts with more than 140 academic institutions and more than 320 companies in the United States, with a total value of about 350 million US dollars. About two -thirds of these funds are assigned to college.

Based on this, the US war mobilization formed an innovative network connected to the government, universities, research institutions, industrial enterprises and military.

It turns out that this cooperation mode is good.

The three projects, known as the "three major inventions" in World War II, were completed under its leadership.

But during the war, what role should the government play in the development of science and technology in the peaceful age? Roosevelt needs a rigorous and authoritative new answer.

After more than eight months of research and analysis, Bush submitted the report "Science: Endless Frontier" on July 25, 1945. Its more well -known name was Bush report. It is this report that laid the general tone of the US scientific policy in the future.

In the report, Bush put forward a point of view: "Science will replace the border of the western United States, becoming a new driving force for the country's economic development, the improvement of people's life standards, and social progress."

But more importantly than this, "the federal government should bear the responsibility of maintaining scientific knowledge and cultivating new scientific forces."

Unfortunately, President Roosevelt had died of cerebral hemorrhage at this time, and the report was handed over to the successor of President Truman.

The original tacit understanding was not there. From the perspective to the formation of consensus, the Bush report encountered heavy obstacles.

After more than five years of pulling, Bush insisted on the establishment of the National Science Foundation to be established in 1950. During the period, in order to fill the gaps in OSRD, the US Navy Research Office, the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Health Research Institute have successively supported scientific research and established a national laboratory. Subsequently, the US federal government gradually formed a diversified funding system from various departments.

In this way, the prototype of the national system of American scientific and technological policies and scientific and technological innovation established during World War II finally determined after the war and further evolved.

Professor Brooks of the United States Science and Technology Policy Research once said:

"In industrialized countries, the United States is the only country that has been permanently changed in the research and development system and scientific policies."

【02】

The new way of cooperation between politicians and scientists is not the only wealth brought to the United States in World War II.

On December 16, 1944, Nazi Germany shot a V2 rocket at King Antwerp, Belgium. Nearly 600 people were killed at the scene. This new rocket also caused the biggest casualties of a single rocket during the "World War II".

This panic other countries. Based on this, American scientists predict that in the field of Rockets, the United States has lagged behind Germany for 20 years.

How to shrink this gap as the fastest? After victory, the answer in the United States was to directly use the equipment and experts left by Germany.

As of January 1946, 160 Nazi scientists have been secretly sent to the United States.

▲ Nazi scientists sent to the United States

The action of snatching Nazi scientists is called "Operation PaperClip".

According to incomplete statistics, nearly 1,200 German scientific and technological experts have been intercepted after the war. Chemist and physicist Hane and other top experts.

After these scientists arrived in the United States, the US government washed their Nazi as their identity and gave senior officials Hou Lu, superior life and work experiments required.

Because of morality and law, the United States' approach has attracted a lot of controversy at home and abroad, and even Einstein has joined the condemnation. However, the US government's attitude is tough: "This matter is about national security issues, and there is no place for self -esteem and face." With October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union first launched the first artificial satellite in human history, and the voices in the United States were completely drowned.

▲ Soviet launched Sprit Nick No. 1

This is unacceptable to Americans during the Cold War. Soon, the father of the German Rockets, Feng Bulu'on, the German Rockets, who surrendered, will prove his strong professional ability in front of the United States.

In just three months, under the leadership of von Blaun, the United States successfully launched the second artificial satellite "Explorer No. 1". In April 1961, the first lift of the US manned space rocket was realized, only one month later than the Soviet Union.

In 1969, the "Apollo" manned spacecraft completed the first mission of the human moon landing, which made the United States completely angry.

The doubt disappeared, and von Blaun also became a scientific pioneer pursuing American space dreams.

In addition to von Blaun, in the future, other scientists who have been extradited back to the United States will take root in the United States and lead the United States to open branches in different scientific and technological fields such as satellite communications, medicine, and biology.

In addition to introducing excellent scientists with legal and illegal means, the US government has also systematically trained scientific talents after the war.

In 1940, more than half of the education received more than eight years of education in the United States, and only 4%-6%of women completed college studies. From 1940 to 1960, the number of universities increased by more than doubled, and the number of teachers in higher education increased accordingly, from 110,000 to 280,000.

The introduction of the "Veterans Rights Act" provided the military support for the military. If the veterans want to continue to be educated, the US government will provide tuition and other economic support. According to statistics, more than 2 million soldiers study in different universities.

Among these people, nearly three -quarter candidates have taken scientific courses.

By 1960, the United States had trained 6,000 doctors of science and engineering; in 1971, this number had reached 18,000. In 1930, the United States accounted for only 5 of the 90 Nobel awards. By the 1950s, the scientific award winning rate in the United States was never less than 49%.

Ten years after the emergence of artificial satellites is the real "golden age" in the history of modern science and technology in the United States.

Scientists have also begun to gain unprecedented social status. The 1960 "Time" weekly govern the title of the year to the "American scientist" group. The reason for the award is "the increasingly growing scientific and technological needs violently hit the United States."

"Space Dream" related science fiction and science fiction movies have become the favorite of young people, such as "Star Trek" and "2001 Space Roaming". It is difficult to say that this kind of science and love of this kind of society has stimulated the science and technology dreams of how many young people. However, it is certain that in the oblique line of the American continent, a little boy in South Africa will be determined to take it into reality because of "Star Trek".

In December 2010, the company founded a "dragon spacecraft" to the earth's orbit. This is the first spacecraft that has been launched by private companies to space and can be returned smoothly.

The name of this little boy is called Elon Musk.

【03】

"When science reaches a certain peak, it will appear to the broad prospects to the new peak in front of it, and lead to a new path to further development." This is a sentence that Soviet botanist Vavirov once said.

However, the "broad prospects" of the era of invention to the commercial age are often extremely twists and turns.

This is the birth of the transistor.

"Any time and space journey, my first stop will be fixed in the Bell Laboratory in December 1947." This is Bill Gates praised the first transistor invented by humans. But at the time, no one knew what kind of innovation of this small matching item.

The reporter of the New York Times was invited to watch this new invention in 1948. What he saw was exchanged for a very inconspicuous layout on the newspaper the next day, a very short word: a very short word:

"Yesterday, a device called a transistor was first displayed in Bell Labs for the first time. It has several applications in radio devices that usually use vacuum pipes."

The New York Times represents the mainstream sound at that time. After all, this technology is still unstable, and the cost is high. It requires a lot of research and development and practice.

As the inventor of this technology, the three of them are the top experts in the field, and the Schckley is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.

There is no shortage of professional knowledge, but to push the transistor to the application, what is lacking is huge amounts of R & D funds. Finally, the US Department of Defense became the gold master behind.

According to the research report, from 1948 to 1957, the US military undertake 38%of the $ 22.3 million research costs of Bell's laboratory. Especially in the mid -1950s, the military's funding of Bell Laboratory once reached 50%of transistor research funds.

Bell Lab and the military's first contract from 1949 to 1951, mainly focused on applications and circuit research; the second contract was mainly based on the research of services, facilities and materials interested in the military's interest from 1951 to 1958. The model of "government money, folk research and development" makes transistor technology more mature. Seven years later, the transistor entered the field of civil and commercial.

Starting from the radio, it gradually penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. From mobile phones, television, computers, automobiles, medical equipment, household appliances, and even spacecraft, it truly opened the door of the "silicon civilization" era of human society.

In the end, the transistor completely changed the world and the United States.

We can almost find the shadow of the "crystal pipe mode" from every existing American technology enterprise.

After the departure of Bell Labs from Bell Lab, the Sekley Semiconductor Lab was founded. With his influence, he absorbed the doctoral Niuz and other cattle from MIT.

One year later, Nuus took the other eight other laboratory to establish the "Fairy Semiconductor Corporation". They invented the integrated circuit in this company, and the research and development and application of integrated circuits also received support from the US government.

▲ Founder of Fairchild Semiconductor Company

By the mid -1960s, the US government was the only customer of an integrated circuit made in the United States.

The transistor invented by Shakeli, the Integrated Circuit of Neus, laid the foundation for the third industrial revolution.

But the even more powerful of Fairchito is not its business achievements, but that he sprinkled the top talents in the field throughout the semiconductor industry. At a semiconductor summit in Silicon Valley in 1969, only 24 of more than 400 participants were former employees who were not Fairy.

After Nois left from Fairy Tong, he created Intel with Gordon Moore and Andy Gruelf. In 1971, the company built the world's first microprocessor -4004. To this day, the Law of Moore, derived from microprocessor, still leads the advancement of the global semiconductor industry.

Not only is semiconductor and aerospace, but in the computer industry and information industry, the US government is almost everywhere.

Today, almost all the functions of the computer, as well as the way people use the computer, originated from the US government's funding in these early technologies; online research by the US government, such as connecting universities to the Advanced Research Program Network (Arpnet ), Is the basis of the modern Internet.

During this time, the expensive research and development of American scientific research and development increased significantly at an average of 15%per year, and many times the growth rate even exceeded the growth rate of the GDP (GNP).

From 1957 to 1967, the federal government's research expenditure increased by nearly 4 times to $ 15 billion.

At the end of the 1990s, federal funds accounted for about 70%of university computer science and electrical engineering research accounts. This fund is not only good for research, but also supports additional benefits to graduate education.

After graduating from these graduate students, they often create new companies and become the backbone of high -tech American high -tech. Jobs described this in the future: "It's like a mature dandelion. As soon as you blow it, the seeds of this kind of entrepreneurial spirit will be everywhere. Flying. "

The New York Times has published an editorial to evaluate the US federal government as "an undervalued entrepreneur."

"The US Federal Government -instead of the private sector -an indispensable entrepreneur of economic activities." The New York Times believes that the US federal government investment cutting -edge science and technology, " Major uncertainty can still be persistent. "

Many domestic markets, and even many people in the system are naive to think that American technology can be strong, because the government has chosen to stand side by side to let the enterprise work.

But the reality tells us that in addition to the consciousness and spontaneous power of enterprises, capital, Silicon Valley and Wall Street, the "visible hands" have always been there.

After the modern electronic information industry has become a leader in the world technology industry, the US government has repeatedly used technology as a means, economic stress in the world, and repeatedly breaking international rules, breaking through the national reputation and moral bottom line, and suppressing other countries. The development of the technology industry.

For example, the siege of the Japanese chip industry at the end of the last century was a typical example. During the period, the United States not only adopted a series of economic sanctions, but also adopted a persecution agreement to force Japan to sign an unfair agreement, supporting Korean chips and other beautiful behaviors. In the end, the joint force will surpass the Japanese chip industry that has already surpassed the United States almost completely.

In recent years, in order to maintain its own science and technology hegemony, the United States has suppressed the Chinese science and technology industry. The so -called chip bill recently signed by Biden has pushed the US government's hegemonism to the extreme.

The former "self -esteem and face has no foothold", and it has also become a completely shameless.

But this time, the US government's abacus must be wrong. Its crazy restrictions not only can not stop the progress of China's science and technology and industrial economy, but also promote the Chinese people with more firm determination and struggle, break through their hegemony, and form formed The development of the world's science and technology industry.

【Reference Information】

[1] "Science: Endless Frontier" Van Bush Lash D. Holt CITIC Publishing House

[2] "A Brief History of the United States" Jonathan Gruber CITIC Publishing House [3] "After World War II, Reshape the Scientific Innovation System like the United States" Feng Kaidong Peking University School of Government Management

[4] "Why does the United States become the number one power in the world after World War II and maintain a leading position for a long time?》 Fan Chunliang Academy of Science and Technology Strategy Consultation Research Institute

[5] "Return Acupuncture Action" Annie Jacobson Chongqing Press

[6] "Organization of the American Science and Technology Development Tracks" Institute of Innovation Strategy of the Association of Science and Technology Association

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