How can the manufacturing industry break the shortcomings of "stuck neck"?

△ Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the status of my country's manufacturing industry has been further consolidated, international competitiveness has been significantly enhanced, and innovation capabilities have been significantly improved.

In January 2016, Premier Li Keqiang gave an example when attending a symposium: China has not been able to produce mold steel so far, such as the "ball balls" of ballpoint pen who need to be imported. This caused a national manufacturing shock. There are more than 3,000 pen -made enterprises, more than 200,000 employees, and annual production of more than 40 billion yuan, but core technology and materials are highly dependent on imports. The "ball beads" of ballpoint pen heads cannot be applicable. After a few years of "Questions of the Ball Bead Pen", Prime Minister Li Keqiang was domestically produced by the steel required for the beads.

"Chang'e 5", "Tianwen No. 1", "Struggler", "Beidou III" ... In recent years, major projects have been reported frequently. However, in many fields, like the former "ball -beaded pen", there are still many problems in the manufacturing industry, and the problem of relatively weak industrialization foundation still exists. How to overcome the key core technologies of the "card neck" and maintain the security and stability of my country's industrial chain have become the consensus of the science and technology community, industry and even the whole society.

"Card Neck" is not just a chip

"'Car regulations' chips and operating systems are all our shortcomings, lack of core souls, and vehicle regulations." At the Eighth China Electric Vehicle Hundred People Association Forum, the Minister of Industry and Information Technology and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Miao Wei, deputy director of the Economic Commission, was in the keynote speech.

"As the world's largest manufacturing country, my country is the only country in the world that has all industrial categories listed in the United Nations industrial classification. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of my country, the status of the great manufacturing country in China has been further consolidated, international competitiveness has been significantly enhanced, and its innovation capabilities are enhanced. A significant improvement. "Zhang Yongjun, deputy chief economist of the China International Economic Exchange Center, told the reporter of the China Report," But it is undeniable that only a few industries in my country can reach a relatively advanced level internationally, and most industries still lag behind at In developed countries, some distance is relatively large. "

The chip "stuck neck" incident made the people like the throat. In Zhang Yongjun's view, not only the chip, but also many areas we also face similar problems, and some key core technologies are still subject to others.

According to the shortcomings of the Chinese Academy of Engineering's main industries in the 26 -type manufacturing industry, during the current and future periods, the weak links of the industrial foundation are mainly focused on the core parts field. For example, basic parts/components, including high -end chips and sensors, key basic materials, basic inspection and inspection equipment and platforms, key manufacturing industry and equipment, basic industrial software, etc. import.

Compared with the visible and touched chips, the industrial software, known as the "soul" of the modern industrial system, is somewhat a little distance from the public. But for China, which has the most complete industrial category and the number one global manufacturing scale, the importance of industrial software is undoubted. At present, the core industrial software used in China ’s intelligent manufacturing highly depends on imports, and it is also an independent and controllable development“ card neck ”problem. It is urgent to solve.

"Key core technologies in the field of science and technology are still our biggest destiny." Sun Wenkai, a professor at the School of Economics of Renmin University of China, and researcher at the National Institute of Development and Strategic Research, pointed out in an interview with the reporter of China Report that the relatively weak foundation of industrialization has become a manufacturing in my country The "Achilles", which is a strong country and economic construction, affects my country's rapid development and even economic security.

Conquest

To maintain the security and stability of my country's industrial chain, we need to focus on the key core technologies of the "card neck". At the same time, we should also clearly realize that the "card neck" problem involves the areas, the background cause is complicated, the formation of the year is deepened, and its offense is not one day. We should attach great importance to the strategy and strategy of cracking problems, and adopt differentiated and diversified solutions to find the best response plan.

At the 2019 China Fortune 500 Corporate Summit held in Jinan, Wang Jiangping, deputy minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that among the 500 companies in China, there are 244 manufacturing companies, accounting for nearly half, and a large number, but the average profit is only 2.59%. , 4.37%below the top 500, which is less than 6.57%of the world's top 500 companies.

Most of the "card neck" technology has the characteristics of high investment, time consumption, and difficulty. The practical value is not available in the short term. Therefore, in the eyes of many people in the industry, this particularly requires scientific researchers to bear loneliness and sit in the cold bench. The country needs to increase support in terms of policies and guarantees. , Require a scientific and reasonable scientific research management system, and the relevant units work in accordance with the laws of innovation and development and the rules of talent growth, and improve the method of allocation of resource allocation.

Zhang Yongjun pointed out that the reason why China can reach the international advanced level in the fields of rare earth research and development, nuclear power technology and application, communication technology and applications, and has international competitiveness. Investment, in the future, my country will make up for shortcomings and enhance the toughness of the industrial chain. I think it is necessary to take this way.

"At the same time, we must actively carry out international cooperation." Zhang Yongjun told the reporter of "China Report", "We can continue to introduce from abroad to more advanced technology, and then improve our own technical and industrial level by digesting and absorption. In addition, during the adjustment of the entire international industrial chain, the regional situation is relatively obvious. In East Asia and Southeast Asia, there is room for cooperation with China in many industries. "Sun Wenkai suggested that the advantages of the socialist market mechanism are used Cultivate "specialized new" enterprises and champion enterprises to solve about 70%of the basic problems of industrial; reasonably play the role of government guidance and coordinate, and focus on breaking through a group of "stuck neck" short board projects that are urgently needed to solve. The key core components, components, basic materials, operating systems and industrial software for slowing the slow results. If you want to make breakthroughs in a short period of time, the state needs to be coordinated and deployed to solve about 10%of the basic issues of industrial. Since the promotion of the industrial "strong base" project in China in 2013, it has made breakthroughs in some products and technology areas. It is necessary to maintain policy continuity, form a long -term policy mechanism, and solve about 20%of the basic problems of industrial.

"In addition, solving the" card neck "problem is also inseparable from professional and technical staff." Sun Wenkai said that building a manufacturing power and a strong Internet country requires not only a large number of business management talents, tens of millions of scientists and engineers, but also need to count. With hundreds of millions of skilled talents. At present, my country's manufacturing talent team is difficult to meet the requirements of the high -quality development of the manufacturing industry in terms of total volume and structure. The proportion of high -quality talents is significantly low. To expand the talent development channel and make more excellent high -skilled talents stand out.

For enterprises, in addition to the technology of technology itself, how to protect policies is also worthy of attention. In order to optimize and improve the tax policy that supports scientific and technological innovation, my country has made several adjustments to the R & D expenses plus deduction policy. From January 1, 2021, the proportion of R & D expenses for manufacturing enterprises will be increased from 75%to 100% Essence On November 30, 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "Fourteen Five -Year Plan" informatization and industrialization deep integration development plan ". The plan proposes that by 2025, informatization and industrialization will achieve integration and development at a wider range, deeper, and higher level. The new generation of information technology accelerated and penetrated into various fields of manufacturing, and the pace of digital transformation of manufacturing has accelerated significantly.

How to seize the highland?

With the in -depth development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial changes, emerging technologies and its industrialization applications promote the accelerated reconstruction of international production and trade systems, and the global industrial chain shows a new trend of digital, green, and integration. Affected by the impact of the comprehensive upgrading of large powers between China and the United States, the impact of the overall upgrade of the new crown pneumonia, the international division of labor and integrated production network based on the global value chain exposed its inherent fragility, and some links of the global industrial chain supply chain were blocked and interrupted. Chain and regional characteristics are manifested.

"The global industrial chain restructuring the reform period of China's industrial chain faces many new challenges." Sun Wenkai pointed out to the reporter of "China Report" that on the one hand, the phenomenon of "de -industrialization" has led to a decline in the economic circulation status of the economy. With the development of new industrialization and new urbanization, the transformation of China's dual economic structure has entered a new stage. The labor force has changed from unlimited supply to a limited supply. At the same time, as an important feature of China's economic model decline. On the other hand, the status in the global industrial chain is mainly low -end, and some key technologies and key components are "stuck neck".

In addition, leading companies in the field of high -tech are facing the risk of "precise decoupling" by the United States. The United States regards China as "systematic competitors" and "institutional competitors", and it is necessary to launch a long -term "big country competition" with China. On the one hand, the United States has increased investment in R & D and enhances the integrity and competitiveness of the key supply chain; on the other hand, the United States uses various methods to slander and strongly suppress China's emerging high -tech companies.

"Some industries are facing dual risks of industrial transfer and trade transfer. Because Sino -US trade conflicts will affect a large number of third countries, some are damaged and some benefit, they may bring the risk of industrial transfer and trade transfer. Enterprises, including foreign and domestic -funded enterprises, may transfer production bases to other countries or regions. "Sun Wenkai analyzed.

In Zhang Yongjun's view, my country's industrial system is relatively complete and has certain advantages in the industrial chain and supply chain. However, after such a period of epidemic, the United States and other Western countries proposed the return of manufacturing to adjust their industrial chain and supply chain. In this way, the global industrial chain and supply chain will face the problem of re -adjustment and reactoring.

Faced with the reconstruction opportunities and challenges of the global industrial chain, how should China improve China's global industrial chain status to seize the highland?

Zhang Yongjun suggested that in this process, in response to the field of shortcomings, my country should strengthen core technology research and development, improve the development level of related industries as soon as possible, and realize the self -reliance of science and technology.

"The domestic economy has entered a new stage of development, and the global industrial chain has entered a period of reconstruction. It is required to further expand its high levels of opening up, integrate into economic globalization, and continue to improve the status of the global industrial chain." Sun Wenkai told the reporter of China Report, "On the one hand, It is necessary to take the reform of the scientific and technological system as the starting point and drive the global industrial chain upgrade with technological innovation. On the other hand, due to potential guidance, to categorize the construction of a country, region, and global multi -circle industrial chain pattern. Technology and global industrial chain are deeply integrated. In addition, it is necessary to advance into the deep water zone to comprehensively promote the reform and opening up of the modern service industry. " Large advantages, establish an industrial chain based on domestic cycles; for industries with obvious comparative advantages and good foundations, 'introduction,' and 'going out ", actively embedded in the global industry chain led by developed countries such as Europe and the United States." Sun Wenkai said that at the same time, we must take digital technology as a strategic highland for seizing the dominance of the global industrial chain, accelerate the improvement of digital technology innovation layout, digital talent training, digital economic support policies, intellectual property protection and big data regulatory mechanisms, and promote the development of digital economy innovation and development Essence

Text | "China Report" reporter Zhang Lijuan

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