Behind "Eighteen Lianfeng", how to improve farmers' food accumulation?

In 1978, 18 farmers in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang County, Anhui Province signed a "life and death", creating a precedent for the responsibility system for the family coalition production contract. This was formed by a small -scale scattered agricultural production pattern in my country. In the past few decades, the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization have attracted countless kinds of grain farmers to transfer to urban migrant workers, and forcing agricultural production to change into large -scale and intensive transformation.

The improvement of production and operation methods has largely adapted to the needs of economic and social development, and my country's grain output achieved "eighteen consecutive Feng" in 2021. However, because grain is an important strategic material, it cannot be allowed to fully adjust the production of grain in the values ​​of the general commodity. Therefore, discussions on how to improve the enthusiasm of the production of grain breeding have always existed.

Farmers are the main force of agricultural production. It is of great significance to ensure that farmers 'enthusiasm for planting grain planting and protecting farmers' rights and interests of farmers. Experts interviewed told the reporter of China News that food security is a great strategy of the country. The fundamental measure to increase the enthusiasm of the main body of grain is to increase the income of grain planting, and policy support, including subsidies, cannot be absent.

Multiple factors affect the enthusiasm of grain planting

my country's current food production and operation entities are mainly small farmers retail, large grain farmers, grain production cooperatives, family farms, and agricultural leading enterprises. Talking about why the enthusiasm of grain is not high, people can often find different answers in different grain.

For small farmers retail investors, it is almost a universal consensus to do not make money, the risk of "watching the sky", and the high social status of farmers. For other production and operation subjects with a certain scale, the reasons are more complicated. From the perspective of interviewed experts, the pressure faced by grains is first of all rising costs.

Zhu Qizhen, director of the Institute of Farmers 'Issues' Institute of China Agricultural University, told the reporter of "China Report" that compared with some major grain -producing countries, my country's national conditions and agricultural conditions have determined that the cost of grain planting is high. On the top, the production model mainly focused on small farmers in many mountains and hills, and large -scale mechanized operations could not be carried out, making the labor cost higher.

△ Farmers from the Hewang Family Farm, Bei'anzhuang Township, Wu'an City, Hebei Province drove farmland arable land.

Data from the China Chemical Information Center show that in the second week of March 2022, the average ex -factory price of domestic urea, phosphate, potassium chloride, and compound fertilizer increased by 10.2%-85.7%year -on -year. Zhu Qizhen said that the main reason is that the increase in international energy prices has increased the sharp rise in the prices of relevant domestic products. The poor logistics transportation brought by the epidemic also affects market supply.

The agricultural and rural departments of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces have made calculations, and the increase in chemical fertilizers only leads to the increase of planting costs by as much as 100 yuan per mu. A farmer with 12 acres of land in Henan also reported to the reporter of "China Report" that villagers in the same village this year have been carefully calculated in each link, and the fertilizer and pesticide investment per acre of land are nearly 200 yuan more than in previous years.

If the land transfer cost is added, farmers' income will be squeezed more. In order to make full use of resources in rural labor force into the city, in order to make full use of resources, in 2016, my country stipulated that the land contract management rights were further divided into contract rights and operating rights, and the ownership, contracting rights, and management rights were separated in parallel. Another system innovation after the family coalition contract responsibility system has enabled rural land management rights to flow freely. As of 2021, the circulation area of ​​household contracting land in my country exceeded 555 million mu.

Considering the differences in terrain, land quality, and supporting agricultural facilities, the land rental standards on the market are not uniform. According to Li Guoxiang, a researcher at the Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the rent is generally 600 yuan to 800 yuan per acre, but the price is higher in some areas. "There is no such expenditure to plant only its own land, but there are too few retail land. If you want to operate on a large scale, you must transfer the land and bear the cost of land transfer. We learned during the investigation of Heilongjiang. , One acre for rent is 1,000 yuan. "

In Li Guoxiang's view, there are more land in my country. As the country encourages land transfer, industrial and commercial capital began to go to the countryside, and the land rent was directly raised. With many expenses such as the renovation of fields, breeding fertilization, and hiring fees in the field, the risks such as poor management and extreme weather disasters are reserved to leave the profit space for large grain households or cooperatives.

Precision subsidy, price support

Both Zhu Qizhen and Li Guoxiang pointed out to the reporter of "China Report" that there are no other good methods to improve the enthusiasm of grain planting at present, mainly to issue subsidies and keep market prices reasonable.

△ The farmers are busy in breeding fields near the Wheat Museum in Xiangyun Town, Wenxian County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province.

"In the past, food subsidies mainly included three types of grain farmers, comprehensive subsidies for agricultural production data, and good varieties subsidies. It was a system established in 2004 when the agricultural tax was canceled. The collection and storage policies have merged these three subsidies into a cultivated land protection subsidy accordingly. "Li Guoxiang said.

Data show that in the past two years, the cost of grain farming caused by rising agricultural price prices has increased, and the central government has issued a total of 50 billion yuan of one -time subsidies to farmers in actual grain planting.

Zhu Qizhen noticed that the subsidy would also encounter some problems during the distribution process. For example, after the farmers received good varieties and agricultural subsidies, the enterprise also raised the price of seeds and agricultural machinery. Spend less money. " In Zhu Qizhen's view, agricultural capital is market -oriented and should allow enterprises to make profits, but agriculture is not a huge profit industry, and any agricultural -related industries should not be allowed to obtain huge profits. He suggested that the relevant departments must effectively maintain the price order of the agricultural market. Another noteworthy issue is that in reality, the farmers of farmers who plant grain directly may benefit the actual grain planting people, that is, a large -scale business entity such as grain, which seriously damages their enthusiasm for planting grain.

"This is called" Running Drop Drops ", and our subsidy policy is still inadequate enough." Zhu Qizhen gave an example that the transfer fee of one acre of land was 800 yuan, and the government gave the subsidy 200 yuan. In actual operation, the subsidy was often the subsidy. To the leaser, not the real food, and the transfer fee to the leaser will get 1,000 yuan. And if the subsidy is given to the large grain farmer, the renters will require the rent to increase, and then cover the amount of subsidies, otherwise they will not renew the lease, which also means that the actual grain breeders still cannot get the subsidy. Zhu Qizhen said that the central government has always emphasized the improvement of the subsidy system and is currently focusing on improving the effectiveness and pertinence of subsidies.

In order to make grain farming from losing money, it is a pragmatic move to increase the grain market price as much as possible. my country launched the minimum purchase price policy in 2004. The academic community believes that for many years, this regulation policy implemented in order to protect the interests of farmers and protect the supply of the grain market not only provides a bottom -supporting guarantee for farmers breeding farmers, but also enhances the material foundation of national reserve regulation.

According to Li Guoxiang's observation, at least before 2016, the minimum purchase price was relatively high, which could promote grain production and farmers' income.但国际粮食市场价格大幅度下跌时，最低收购价政策的灵活性不足弊端就显露出来：将国内生产的粮食收储到仓库后，较难出库，而大量进口的粮食则在国内流通，导致Imported food impacts the domestic market.

"Therefore, we are not daring to set the lesson now, and we dare not set the price too high. The current minimum purchase price is also significantly lower than the market price." Li Guoxiang admits that in addition to the minimum purchase price of rice in individual regions, the policy is even more One more orientation effect will not have much impact on farmers' income.

The academic circles have discussed that farmers should be sold when they sell food at a high market price. Li Guoxiang believes that it is difficult to implement, depending on the guidance of social expectations.

As early as 2012, the price of grain products soared in the world due to excessive extreme weather. At that time, Li Guoxiang went to investigate Shandong Jinxiang County, which was rich in garlic. Taking garlic as wealth, when the price is high, it will not be sold when the price falls sharply. "

Li Guoxiang understands the consideration of farmers, but at present, my country's food supply is sufficient, and the long -term rise in prices is basically impossible. For example, the reasonable price of wheat this year is about 1.4 yuan/jin, and the current market price has exceeded 1.5 yuan/jin. He reminded farmers to sell when the price is appropriate, especially when the storage conditions are not good.

"Leave the ground to the person who really wants to plant food"

In 1978, the total rural population in my country was 790 million. By 2021, the resident population of the countryside had fallen to 498 million, which was the first time that the rural population in my country has fallen below 500 million for the past 70 years.

Interviewed experts said that in the future, the citizenization of agricultural transfer will still be further developed. Discussions on improving the enthusiasm of grain planting should be carried out around the grain breeding subjects that are truly interested in agriculture.

Earlier, it was not uncommon to report on large -scale transfer of land after business capital to go to the countryside, or to carry out non -agricultural and non -grain -based planting. "Now the country's supervision is relatively strict, so some companies have run away, and there are some phenomena that are deserted after the land." Zhu Qizhen commented that many of the industrial and commercial capital are subsidized for various grain production. Not only will the policy cannot effectively play, but it is also difficult to protect food security.

△ A farmer cleans weeds in soybeans on family farms.

Zhu Qizhen is more optimistic about family farms. This production and operation model first appeared in the Central Document No. 1 in 2013, saying that "encouraging and supporting contracting land to professional households, family farms, and farmers' cooperatives."

On June 27, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs introduced at the rural revitalization conference in the new era that my country's new type of agricultural business system has achieved remarkable results. At present, there are 3.9 million family farms, 2.2 million farmers cooperatives, and agricultural socialization. More than 950,000 service organizations.

In Zhu Qizhen's view, farmers who are unwilling to go to urban development are always paid. In fact, farmers have the most nostalgia for land, and only farmers can plant land well. He said to the reporter of "China News" that family farms are expanded versions of farmers. The difference from small farmers retail investors is to use land as the main occupation and agricultural income as the main income. The "part -time farmers" of farmers; like the rental land of capital to go to the countryside, the family farm needs to be transferred to the land, but it is more pursuing long -term and stability, which requires the land circulation system to be more perfect.

For this model, Zhu Qizhen emphasized the importance of continuing to promote the exit mechanism of farmers' contracting land. "Some elderly people can't do anything to choose to follow their children's elderly. Some people enter the city system, and some people no longer expect the land to make a living after business. The farm can be developed naturally. "But Zhu Qizhen reminded that withdrawal must be fully respected, and the withdrawal person should also have the skill of making a living. With the joint effort of a number of systems, all kinds of grain production and operation subsidies can be issued directly to the family farm operators. This plays a role in improving the enthusiasm of grain. The reporter of the China Report sorted out and found that in 2015, my country first proposed the concept of paid exit of land contract management rights and carried out pilots in the same year. At present, the exit mechanism of farmers' contract land is still being explored steadily.

In the face of possible natural disasters, it is also necessary to release agricultural insurance policy space to eat "reassinual pills" for grain breeders. Data show that in 2020, my country's agricultural insurance premium scale is 81.5 billion yuan, which is the largest country in the global agricultural insurance premiums. In 2021, the three national ministries and commissions jointly issued a notice that for the three major crops of rice, wheat, and corn, they carried out complete cost insurance and planting income insurance, and gradually covered all the grain -producing counties in 13 main provinces of food. It is understood that complete cost insurance covers the total cost of agricultural production, including direct materialization costs, land and labor costs to make up for losses caused by major natural disasters, major diseases and insect pests, and ensure that farmers return the cost at least.

Zhu Qizhen said that because agricultural insurance is difficult to define, at the same time, there are many types of natural disasters and high frequencies, and general commercial insurance companies are not enthusiastic, so they must rely on the government to provide protection and support. "The basic model is to get big heads in the government, and farmers pay less. If the disaster is affected, the insurance company will pay for it, and there will be re -insurance on the insurance company.

Text: "China Report" reporter Chen Ke

Responsible: Xu Hao

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