Modernity Diversity Mirror Jian

Abstract: The multi -mirrorbook of modernity is to confirm the possibility of the diverse generation of modern civilization and its "modernity" itself while confirming that the modern civilization of the Western modern civilization is preceded. Through the complexity, internal tension, and contemporary dilemma of the first western modernity generation and evolution process, the basic mechanism of modernity and the possibility of modernity and the possibility of modernity enter the way, that is, other "Western modernity" One or more modernity paths, such as Chinese modernity and its reality. Economic globalization is the first step in achieving the goal of "modernity" of human society. It is also the way to do it. Any "anti -globalization" and "anti -globalization" claims and behaviors will hinder or even interrupt human society leading to "modernity" to "modernity". The process of ideal goals. History and practical experience prove that "building a community of human destiny" is by far seeking and closer to human "modernity" ideal orientation concepts. "Universalism", "universalism", "worldism" and "globalism" are the latest understanding of human modernity in contemporary China.

Keywords: modern multi -mirror Jianxian human destiny community

Author Wan Junren, Professor of Philosophy at the School of Humanities of Tsinghua University (Beijing 100084).

Source: "Chinese Social Science" 2022, No. 7 P4 -P20

Editor in charge: Mo Bin

As well as well, "modernity" is a theoretical concept that is full of ambiguity, and so far there is no exact unified authority definition. It can be described as a historical philosophy of human civilization / cultural history (Jasbes, Sperture, Wellerstein, Wagolin, Schonmamia, etc.), which represents a concept of "ancient" and "classical" In the state of modern "new" social civilization evolution or modern historical characteristics. It is also often used to express the value judgment of a social progressism (Darwin, Huxley, Kong De, and even many contemporary politicians) and social critical attitude (Marx, Habermas, Macintel, etc.) It represents an objective empirical analysis and value critical orientation about the facts of human society development. It can also be used as an analysis and judgment based on the above -mentioned two dimensions. The value orientation of the mentality / psychology — culture / civilization of human and its social development, and formed the so -called "modern mentality" Of modelnity, "A Modern Orientation" and so on. The complexity of the concept of "modernity" itself makes the concept use of any single sense of concepts have a biased risk, and it also constitutes a very difficult problem in the fields of modern world history and historical philosophy.

This article will comprehensively use the concept of "modernity" in the above three senses, and the specific explanation of its significance depends on the significance of the specific context and the "Contextuality" when used. This is not an ideal way of research, but it is a relatively stable "reflection balance" method (Raers term). Therefore, the author's so -called "modern mirror learning" actually contains two meanings. One is that while confirming that Western modern civilization is precedent or leading facts, it proposes and demonstrates the possibility of diversified generation of modern civilization and its "modernity" itself. In short, the "modernity" itself may be and should be diverse, or more precisely, modernity should be more or less realistic or less. Non -single or uniform. The second is to indirectly indicate that the inquiry and attempt of this article are not only a historical philosophy analysis or ideological historic image of modern civilization, but also a righteousness of modern civilization's cultural philosophy or value philosophy of value. analyze. However, the final development and its goals of this article are to review the complexity, internal tension and contemporary dilemma of the first western modernity generation and evolution of the first western modernity, and reveal the basic mechanisms of modernity and the various possibilities of modernity. , That is, another or more modern possible paths other than "Western Modernity", such as Chinese modernity and its reality.

There are four main problems quoted by the above -mentioned topics: First, what are the main aspects of the successful experience of Western modernity? Or more positively, what can we or should learn from the first western modernity? Second, why isn't Western modernity unique? Or, what is the general validity of the Western modernity (limit)? Third, what is the complex process and unique features and basic characteristics of China's modernity and its genetic features? Or, why can Chinese modernity be a "another modernity" (that is, "Chinese modernity") that is different from the West (especially the British and American -American -Saxon "types of modernity? Fourth, how to view the similarities and tensions between Chinese modernity and western modernity? Or more precisely, why the concept of "building a community of human destiny" is more than that of Western modernity "ECUMENICALISM" and "COSMOPOLITANISM" or "Globalism" used by people. Is it reasonable, more realistic, and more effective?

1. Western modern mirror image and its inner limit

As the pioneer and pioneer of human modern civilization, Western modern mirror image -whether it is a mirror image of civilization, as an image of ideological historical mirror, or the reference department of the coordinates of human modern civilization mirror -it is any "modernity" thinking Both and discussions must first understand the prerequisite subject, and its leading position needs to pay enough attention. What is "Western modernity"? A preliminary theoretical answer is: it is jointly led by the market economy, scientific and technological innovation, geographical discovery and colonization expansion, secularization and urbanization, and personal rights under the leadership of the basic value of liberalism. The composition is manifested as a distinctive spirit of free personalism and universal rationalism. Its core value concept is "freedom, equality, fraternity (or tolerance) and democracy". , The great achievements of the French Revolution and the German classical philosophy movement, coupled with political democracy -the main contribution of the United States, as the beginning of Western capitalism; its basic theory and practice method is liberalism + universalism / world Doctrine + colonialism or colonial expansion / imperialism + human rights democracy; its psychiatric core is personal liberalism and social Darwinism in the Western center.

From the perspective of the image of ideological history, the development of western modernity has a history of about 500 years (from the Renaissance); from the perspective of the mirror image of social civilization, the practice of western modernity has more than 300 years of history. (Starting from the British Industrial Revolution and the "Glory Revolution" in 1688). Generally speaking, the growth of western modernity has gone through the tempering of blood and fire. It has created material wealth that "more productive for all generations created in the past, and larger". Of course, it has also experienced various serious challenges and risk crises that still experience and still experiencing aggravation and ups and downs. It is not surprising that any civilization progress and practice in the history of human civilization will inevitably have such a complicated experience. The issue worth investigating is whether the planning of Western modernity is what some Western scholars say "already failed" (McKintel) or in the open state of "unfinished" (Habermas)? What if the former is the former? If the latter is the latter, why is the potential of Western modernity not even released? Does this mean that it has the limitations and contradictions that it is difficult to overcome? In short, how can Western modernity be surpassed to surpass its own limit and achieve its modern value goals?

To answer these questions accurately, a long and arduous inquiry needs, but first of all, you need to clarify the historical trajectory of the generation and evolution of Western modernity, and then sort out and understand the construction logic of its modern values.

If it is said that the "Geographical Discovery" of the 15th and 16th centuries and the "Science and Technology Invention" of the 18th and 19th centuries are the wings that can rise and quickly take off in modern Western civilization. Century British bourgeoisie's "Glory Revolution" and the victory of the European Enlightenment centered on France, and the most fundamental is the rapid development of the European market economy and its global expansion, which is the fundamental symbol of Western modernity. Scientific historians usually led the African Good Hope African Voyage led by the Portuguese Dias from 1487 to 1488 and the Portuguese Gamma led by the Portuguese Da Gamma in 1497, bypassing the Haojiao Koko, crossing the Indian Ocean voyage as the original "new world discovery of the new world. The journey ", and the" Xidu ", which was led by the Life of the Spanish King of 1492 and the Italian Columbus, was called" the discovery of the New World "four times. Global navigation led by the lives is called "the first global sailing" in human history, and the continuous and rapid number of great sailing that occurred within more than 30 years together constitute the "discovery era" in human history (the era of discovery "( Age of discovery). The "discovery era" not only completes the complete discovery of human beings on the earth where itself lives, but also the discovery of the world market and modern world of the world. It is also the discovery of human energy and strength. In the eyes of European navigators and even the entire European society, it was precisely that they discovered the "New World", "New World" and "New Humans", including discovering "the United States" and "Merims of Merity".

If the "big discovery" of geographical navigation lays a complete world spatial field for the first time the modernization of Western modernity and the modernization of the entire human society, then the "big invention" of science and technology in the 18th and 19th centuries is Western modern The modernization and development of the entire human society has laid unprecedented high speed -compared with the timing of the evolution of the traditional society -world time direction. It not only strengthens the modernization of human energy and strength, but also marks the latest way of human civilization and human civilization that improves and change human society. One of the most significant proofs is that the rapid development of modern European science and technology inventions and modern universities, and even the entire modern education system, almost occurred at the same time and became mutually developed. The most basic and sufficient human resource conditions, that is, the production and communication of modern knowledge and the cultivation of the training of modern knowledge (new producers and operators). Since the mid -18th century, Watt invention steam engines, Higrifs inventor Jenny textile machine, German Benzi invention internal combustion engine, Faraday invention electric generator, American Edison invented an electric light phone, the German Siemens invention, the British The generator, the British Maxwell found and proved the electromagnetic wave, the Russian Popov invented the radio reporting machine, and so on. In less than a hundred years, the invention and application of a large number of new technology has assembled a new "locomotive" for the progress of civilization for European society and then to the new world. Since then, the wave of industrial revolution dominated by modern technology has become the logo of the rhythm of the progress of modern society. The invention of science and technology not only gave birth to the first wave of modern industrial revolution in the British Industrial Revolution and human history, and produced modern science and technology knowledge systems such as physics, optical, optical, chemistry, mathematics, geography, and science, but also The rise of modern new humanities and social sciences such as modern philosophy (from empirical theory to utilitarianism), political science (from Rock, Hobbes to Bianqin, Mier), and national economics (Adam Smith). Their modern new students or modern transformations into the 18th century French "encyclopedia" re -classification and systematic interpretation of modern discipline knowledge system -compared with the first discipline classification of ancient Greece's Aristotle - The social knowledge foundation and scientific theoretical foundation, and also laid a solid and comprehensive social foundation for the prosperity and rapid rise of modern universities and even the entire modern education system. Almost at the same time, the social practical application of science and technology inventions and its great results not only prove the modern knowledge proposition of "knowledge is power" proposed by Bacon, but also proves and established a scientific assertion of "science and technology is the first productive forces". The far -reaching and important thing is to establish the general beliefs of scientific rationalism and the principles of generalization of philosophical epistemology (the principles of scientific rationality and truth), which has infinite influence on the modern social revolution and social practice. More precisely, the invention of science and technology and its extensive and rapid social application provides necessary and generally effective technical capital and technical conditions for the open world economy. As the economy (financial) capital is fully supply, the modern and open market economy is also impossible. Similar inferences are also established in the transformation of modern democratic politics. It is precisely because of the invention of modern technology and its extensive social practice application that not only has the modern scientific knowledge system and modern education system, but also produces and cultivates modern modernity Knowledge class and knowledge talents, their new knowledge and their use, also have the leading leading and spawning effect on the formation of modern industrial workers and modern urban citizens. The huge contribution of the modern social revolution (transformation). Unfortunately, this is often not enough to be valued by people.

The market economy is of course the basic motivation or kinetic energy of the generation and growth of Western modernity. This has been particularly prominent and typical since the 17th century. Europe is the birthplace of modern civilization, but in European countries, although Britain is not a pioneer of modern civilization and culture, it is the first modern country that achieves modern civilization and creates the miracle of the "Nikkei and British Empire". The primary of the Miao of the Olympics is that the "British Empire" is the most aware of and discovered the "key" of the market economy. It has opened the "convenient method" of modern wealth creation and capital accumulation and use. This is: based on "economic rationality" - — That is, the market economy operating method of as much as possible with as much economic cost -the market economy operation method, so that the market's "invisible hand" will become a "Rubik's Cube" to grasp the wealth. Adam Smith’s "National Fortune Theory" is undoubtedly the "sunflower book" of this modern economic law. It is in the book that Smith discovered the secret of the market economy and revealed that the market is "invisible hand". Great magic -achieve the best resource allocation in the most economical way, that is, to invest in the most economical costs to win the largest market economy benefits. If the traditional economic way of predecessor society is regarded as a natural and disorderly flowing wetland, then the market economy is like an invisible but orderly riverbed, which makes the water scattered around Don’t see the guidance of the market, under the guidance of the market reasonably, freely flow, freely flow and high -speed tide, and then drive the mighty wealth flow under the driver of capital and technology. This is one of the greatest miracles of modern human civilization. Together with the "Geographical Discovery" and "Science and Technology Invention", it constitutes the iconic results of human society entering modern civilization. The reason why the "hand" of the market is not easy to be "seen" is that the secret is that the market economy allows various resources to flow freely and efficiently. Therefore, freely becomes the key to the market economy. However, how does the market economy always be loyal to human beings' fundamental needs and pursuit of "good life"? If the technological motivation of the modern market economy depends on the knowledge innovation of modern science and technology, then the nature of its capital -driven is not natural and reasonable. "Broken Mustang", in extreme cases leading to the polarization consequences of social wealth distribution, immersing the political life and cultural life of society. Therefore, the legitimate constraints of social and political forces have become a necessary prerequisite or condition for a reasonable and orderly market economy. Historical experience shows that modern democratic politics is a basic political condition that is more suitable for the development of modern market economy. This is not only the "Glory Revolution" in 1688, the modern pioneer in the United Kingdom, and then the modern social revolution in Western Europe and almost the entire Europe, and then the success of the social modernization of the American democratic politics and the subsequent non -Western countries. It is one of the most important political and economics achievements in modern society.

It is not difficult to find out the process of modern western civilization for more than 300 years. The popularity of the market economy has provided fundamental motivation for modern democratic politics to eventually get rid of traditional feudal centralized politics and hereditary politics, and laid a solid economic foundation. The successive establishment of modern Western democratic politics and the continuous success of the social democratic revolution is the fundamental symbol of Western modernity to finally build its social "upper -level building". In this sense, it can be said that the market economy and democratic politics have a certain degree of consistency: the former requires all economic acts to have its independent "all" qualifications, that is, the independence of self -determination to participate in market transactions can participate in market transactions. Some products or resources have the right to buy and sell (transactions) freely, and have the right and obligation to participate in various market economy activities in accordance with market rules. Similar to the latter, the latter also requires all legal citizens to be inherently requested The qualified nationals have the rights and ability to participate in the country and social and political life, and thus assume the basic political obligations of the corresponding nationals. Therefore, freedom and equality have the commitment of justice and commitment -that is, the commitment of justice -it is the basic conditions or premise that the market economy and democratic politics must have.

However, the historical experience of the generation and expansion of Western modernity shows that although the market economy and democratic politics together constitute their basic value, it is indeed the two most prominent civilized experiences contributed by modernity, but it still needs to be noticed. The market economy and democratic politics also constitute the two sharp blades with the most intrinsic tension and external aggressiveness of the western modernity. Essence The author believes that the reason for this difference is not only the two points that contain the facts and values ​​(meaning) contained in it, but also the "artificial" destination value of the market economy and democratic politics in modern European and American countries or national interest groups The result of the ideological intervention of orientation and subjective value preferences, and even the purpose of the purpose, after all, whether the market economy and democratic politics are essentially the construction of a homosexual system. It is not as proof of objective facts and rational truths, as "geographical discovery" and "technology invention". In other words, market economy and democratic politics not only need to be subjective interpretation or value guidance, but also may be intervened by purposeful ideology.

The potential tension of the market economy is between economic freedom and capital monopoly. The infinite "greed" nature of capital itself is not a "gospel" of freedom, but the "calamity" of freedom. But orderly, it is actually possible and in fact it often becomes capital -especially those giant capital with market dominance or even monopoly -actual control of "puppets" and tools. Because of this, how to prevent and resist market monopoly and capital manipulation has always been a problem that causes headaches of modern countries or government: as a "tangible hand", if the government's market supervision is excessive, it will hinder the natural process of the market economy; Without time, there will be market effects and social consequences that lead to deformed market monopoly and capital manipulation. Extreme people will even cause economic disorder and social revolution. Similarly, there are many inherent tensions or contradictions as the basic political system of modern countries. The most important internal tension is now in two aspects: one is the natural tension between freedom and equality. Specifically, the political requirements of each citizen's freedom and their political requirements and the general equal political requirements of all citizens in the society cannot be fully realized at the same time. Modern political philosopher Roses in the book "Theory of Justice" and "Political Liberalism" have to make "dictionary sorting" of freedom and equality in its theory of justice -that is, in the usual situation, citizen individuals Freedom (rights) requires preferential equality requirements for citizens. It is his latest theoretical attempt to alleviate this tension, and it is also the proof that this ability is objective. The second can be summarized as a tension or even separation between the institutional governance of procedural democratic politics and the social practice of substantive democratic politics. Specifically, Western democracy is increasingly forming a "one -person and one vote" "voting democracy", and the strong penetration and manipulation of capital groups or interest groups make this "voting democracy" with absolutely fair style becoming more and more and more and more. The campaign that lost its substantial democracy seemed to ensure the "starting point" and "procedure (procedure) justice", but it was getting farther and farther from the substantive "result justice". As long as you simply examine the US presidential election cases in recent years, it is not difficult to see this. What is more concerned about is that between the market economy and democracy, this tension or contradiction is more complicated. The freedom of economic behavior and equal transactions between its mutual mutual mutual mutual and political (institutional) conditions for the market economy can be developed. Participate in market activities and carry out material prerequisites or necessary conditions for free and equal transactions. The lack of this material condition, the market economy can only be a source of water. However, the problem is that the capital and resources that people actually have or disposable for not only are difficult to equal, but they are often so different, so that there is no time to be there; at the same time, this difference is not only reflected in capital or resource possession In terms of many, it is also reflected in very few capital people who have huge capital and most people can only be the lack of capital, or even the servants and slaves of capital. On the basis of such unequal socio -economic basis, how is a true political democracy possible? The freedom and equality of the common social value foundation of market economy and political democracy not only make the market economy itself increasingly expanding the development state of the rich and the poor, but also endangers the practical and fair and justice of political democracy and substantial consequences. In fact, this is exactly the concept of "as a fair justice" and the principle of justice that is performed based on the concept of "fair justice" and the principle of justice. "The system is tilted to seek the root cause of solution to solve or at least ease social injustice.

With the "modernization" of the modern scientific and technological revolution, market economy, and democratic politics, it is complementary and accompanied by the secular evolution of modernization in modern western society, or the rational spirit of science and technology, the commercial trend of the market economy, and the market economy. The basic elements of modernity such as personal rights liberalism relied on democratic politics, which jointly created modernization of the modernization of western society or the Scholarship of Western society. (ETHOS) is also regarded as the most revolutionary social achievement in Western modernity -the advent of the "secular era". In fact, from the 13th -16th centuries of Renaissance, the "sacred sacred and vulgar" from the beginning of the Renaissance, to the atheistic philosophy of French enlightenment thinkers in the 18th and 19th centuries of the aggressive philosophy of French enlightenment thinkers and Marxism about religion, that is, "spiritual opium", you can see this game. The trajectory of the long -lasting secular social movement is generally recognized as a personal liberalism or free individualism that is generally recognized as the spiritual symbol of Western modernity. As for the cultural complexity and profoundness of this secular social movement that lasts hundreds of years, there is a need for discussions on another text. It is limited by the theme and space here, and it can only be clicked here.

In summary, we can already obtain a roughly clear mirror image of the generation of Western modernity and its ideological logic: a kind of breeding of geopolticism ("Geographical Discovery") and the scientific and technological revolution ("Science and Technology Invention")) Western modernity, through the market economy's European Evil and its continuous enhanced world expansion, as well as the blessing and secular social movement that has gradually achieved success in Europe and the United States, finally created the "modern world system" or modern world history. It has become the lead and dominance of human modern society in the past five hundred years, thus making "Western modernity" synonymous in modern history. Through this huge and complex modern history process, we must admit that Western modernity has indeed accumulated a modern experience that has been successful in the world, and also found that the western modernity logic that is worthwhile and reflected in the period is also found. Essence As far as the former is, the concept of a clear and complete world (earth) formed by the "Geographical Discovery", scientific rationalism established based on modern technology, rooted in the market economy and continuously strengthened liberalism in the market economy and continuously strengthened democratic politics. The core value concept, and the popular secular culture established by the continuous enhanced social secular movement, together constitute the most basic civilization and cultural achievements in the West, and it is also its most basic spiritual wealth. Among them, the most important thing worthy of attention and learning is to seek modern spiritual qualities such as forgiving and free innovation, fair competition and equal cooperation between the subjects of the action, the principles of scientific rationality and public rationality, and the principles of general justice. As far as the latter, what is also worthy of our attention and reflection is that the other side of the evolution logic of Western modernity is: (1) the right to expand the right to expand the right to the purpose of possessiveness such as regions, resources, capital, and wealth. Just legitimate rights and demands are irresistible, but if the demand for rights is expanded into the hegemony of power possession and rejection, and monopoly, even based on the so -called "laws of nature" rights and demands will be transformed into "power is righteous" power or The logic of hegemonism's "strong will" (Nietzsche terminology) cannot obtain its general legitimacy defense. (2) Based on one -way rights and demands -not the principles of justice of rights and obligations -social Darwinist logic with power competing for power. Darwin's theory of evolution is the iconic achievement of modern creature (life) science. Unfortunately, this great natural scientific achievement has been simply misappropriated as a certification standard for the progress of civilization of human society. The concept of doctrine. There are three basic principles of biological evolution theory: the best survival of the matter, the survival of the fittest, the survival of the fittest, and the most suitable for the best survival. The fundamental rule. However, applying this principle of life (life) to human social civilization may be generalized into a social Darwinism or even imperialist action laws. Become a natural and inevitable behavior logic, but it has conflicts with the civilization demands of the common survival and development of the human community. An objective fact that worthy of thought is that in a sense, the modern history of Western modern in the past five hundred years is indeed more like a round of new and old empires to rotate the history of competitive, the history of the Taiwan, and the history of war. (3) Capital monopoly logic for the purpose of unlimited profit. Capital naturally has the nature of its own infinite reproduction and pursuing market monopoly, but the capital itself does not have innate value preferences, as scientific and technological itself has no borders. However, the use of capital markets does not avoid real estate and even the opposite market effects and social effects, so it has its social value attributes. Once you enter the market and lose the necessary constraints, the capital will reveal its whale swallowing nature, seek unlimited market value -added and market monopoly, and even infiltrate other social life fields to maximize its own social value. In other words, once the market operation of the capital loses the necessary social constraints or government supervision, it may penetrate in various fields of social politics, economy, and culture, showing its market -oriented force that does everything and does everything, leading to politics (Especially for international politics) the field of capital. This has become more and more obvious in the modern international financial crisis and political crisis. From the world economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 to the global financial crisis from 2008, until the current US dollar hegemony and "de -US dollar" are a variety of severe reality. It has proved that the capital logic of Western modernity has always traveled along a form of monopoly capitalism. (4) The resource and capital competition based on the above -mentioned positions or priority to possess ideology of self -centralism, or, or the exquisite or rough, secret or open, ingenious, clever decorative or decorative or decorated Compulsory implementation -behavioral consciousness and value labeling.

The investigation of historical philosophy also reminds us of a problem that must be clarified: Western modernity cannot be regarded as a concept of essentialism. It is first and always a complex historic concept. Therefore, it must be noted that the modernity of Western modernity must not be simply in the United States. Even if the United States has indeed become the "full authority" of Western modernity since the 20th century, it cannot be ignored because of this practical "full authority representative" facts. The inherent identity and difference between the concepts of American modernity and Western modernity. On the one hand, even the European modernity of the Mother of Western modernity is not the same, but a modern color puzzle with its inherent differences and diversity; on the other hand, as a great capitalist country after the new life, To a large extent, the United States of America has successfully used its "The New Comers" to develop the new modern national experience, especially its unique experience in diversity of democratic and political life. It contributes to the growth of Western modernity. New experience, new concepts, and new methods, especially her continuation and improvement of the so -called "Anglo -Saxon" modern democratic politics and modern secular culture. However, whether it is historically or overall, Western modernity is a modern social model with civilized homogeneity and cultural homogeneity of cultural homogeneity, which has its precedent or first historical advantages and the prevalence of cultural homogeneity. The extensive global demonstration power is beyond the idea. Our reflection on Western modernity logic is similar to the internal reflection of many western thinkers, which are similar to the overlapping and different. For China, which is still in the process of modernization, it is exposed and analyzed the successful experience of Western modernity and internal logic or defects. Beyond its "self -centered" limitations, so that it is possible to equally accept other non -Western modern concepts and practices, recognize and join the common vision of mutual learning, mutual promotion, and share development of diversified modernity. In other words, the purpose of reflecting and criticizing Western modernity is not simply denying Western modernity itself, but to improve and improve the diversified modernity of human society.

2. Chinese modernity: another reality possible

The history of Western modernization has been leading for more than 300 years, which constitutes modern and advanced nature in the history of human society's civilization. It does show unprecedented vitality and standards, and has become the basic orientation of human civilization progress. This means that if all non -Western countries and regions want to enter a modern social threshold, they need to start from learning from the West, catch up, and even imitate the modern Western style in a certain period to start their own modernization process. However, this does not mean that every non -Western country and region must follow the modernization of modernization that Western countries have taken, or even Handan to learn. , Even misappropriated directly. On the contrary, a more realistic actual situation is that different countries and regions must follow the historical direction, social conditions, and modern methods and resources that may be available. That is to say, each discovery of the modernization starting status of the generation country and the promotion process and specific development methods can only be uneven and diverse. The actual situation of modernization in Asia, Africa and South America also proves this. Within Asia, the actual situation of modernization in East and West and South Asia is the same. Even in the East Asian region, the modernization of China, Japan, and South Korea Experience also shows quite different appearances and characteristics.

This conclusion can at least get the defense of three basic factual basis: First, even the modernization of Western society itself does not show the same model or unified mode, although its modern spiritual characteristics are roughly convergence. In Europe, not only the modernization of Western European countries has the beginning and then, but also the specific methods are different, but the modernization results of the entire European country are not neat. For example, in the political construction of modern state, constitutional monarchy, freedom, democracy or democratic republic, social democraticism have appeared; it is also based on a market economy system, and different countries also present free capitalism, welfare capitalism, and even national capital. The value orientation of diversity such as doctrine; cultural secularism, romanticism, idealism, modernism, and even postmodernism also have their own attention and mutual see of each other; all these are different. This itself shows that modernity contains a variety of possibilities from the beginning, showing a state of diverse growth. Secondly, this diversity and diversity are constantly prominent in the process of modernization, which is more vivid. It has the unique social and historical conditions of various countries -especially its initial conditions or starting point status of its modernization — and civilization / culture. Tradition is inseparable. Obviously, as the youngest modern country in the beginning of Western modernity, the process of modern (national) in the United States and their paths are different from European pioneers: because as "new comers" and "possessor" "new newcomers" "new" and "possessor" "England", the primitive indigenous Indians in New England in North America have adopted the almost destroyed method from west to east. The modernization and nationalization of the United States have shown the characteristics of "zero" from the beginning. Newcomers " -don't consider their unique and complicated social identity and reason -choose (in fact can only choose) social contractual methods based on realistic survival and development benefits, with the help of them on their own, The "Anglo -Saxon" civilization and cultural quality created a new American country on the mainland of North America. As a result, it is almost through the modernization model of imitation and modification of the British Empire, and with historical opportunities such as adventure development around the 20th century, the promotion of the wave of industrial revolution, and the prosperity of the American manufacturing industry caused by the two world wars, it has created a new modernization empire. Historically, the most prominent contribution to the United States to the modernity of Western modernity is its open knowledge innovation system and open political and democratic experience. This political experience is both available and unable to learn, because it is indeed a unique experience of "immigration countries" unique to the United States, many of which are difficult to simulate or embezzle. Tocoke has timely inspected and insight into the two aspects of American democratic experience. Third, the modernized attempts or practices of the predecessor and regions of non -Western countries and regions outside Europe and the United States have shown that the beginning of the modernization of the modernization, path selection, development process, and actual effects Response; some are gradual, and there are leapfrogs; there are other stoves, as well as in this announcement. The style can be described as in various poses, and the results are different, and some are even between clouds and mud. Therefore, so far, the modernization experience of non -Western or pre -modern countries is very different, and it is difficult to return to Zongrui. Under the comparison of this historical or dynamic diversity modernization experience, looking back on reflecting on the history of China's modernization and modernity, you can expect more objective authenticity to reflect on balance. There is no doubt that the origin of Chinese modernity also has its special background and cause, and its development process is also very complicated. It can be said that so far, China's modern experience is also unique and difficult to copy and misappropriate. From the "capitalist buds" of handicraft industry and business in the modern sense of Jiangnan in the 16th century, after the "collapse of the heaven" from the beginning of the 20th century, Chinese society quickly presented the so -called "dual variables of enlightenment and salvation" to interweave each other intertwined with each other. Transformation. However, after the Sino -Japanese Sino -Japanese War of 1894 to 1895, the modern transformation of Chinese society shifted from passive unconscious or subconscious state to active and conscious changes. The special effect of the Sino -Japanese Sino -Japanese War in modern Chinese history is that the tragic failure of the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War finally woke up the top -down Chinese society: the traditional heaven center or the "Central Empire" no longer exists, and backwardness must be beaten. How painful and shame; and the fundamental way out of the backwardness of seeking modern and powerful is not only the "utensil" and the technical level of reform, but also the fundamental change of the "political system" level. Therefore, it can be said that it is the consequence of the defeat of the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War directly that directly promoted the "Reform Movement", and then the failure of the "Reform Movement" directly leapt the cultural reflection and ideological enlightenment of modern China, that is, the so -called "concept" level. The modern enlightenment is the main reason why the "May Fourth New Culture Movement" followed and quickly. It can be said that from the three steps from "utensils" to "political system" to "ideas", it constitutes a three -level launch node or three -step progressive appearance of modern transformation of Chinese society in the late 19th century to the early 20th century.

However, in any case, we must keep in mind such a historical fact: the semi -colonial semi -feudal society constitutes the established background of China's modernity. This established social background and historical premise pre -system the unique characteristics of China's modernity and growth: passive or passive or growth The implanted social modernization transformation, the rapid consciousness and extreme enhancement of national survival awareness and independence consciousness, inadequate growth mechanism, insufficient resource preparation, weak modern technology strength and inadequate enlightenment of modernity, weakness and weakness and weakness of national bourgeoisie The weakness of modern commercial capital, etc., jointly prepared the dual mission of our independence and modern development as a modern "nation -country". During the period, the complex interweaving and even collision of various factors often cause the modern transformation of Chinese society to fall into a nine -song -to -rotation, heavy and difficult situation. The extremely twists and turns of the process of modernization in China determine the tragedy of late maturity in China and the tragic character full of suffering: the death of the early democratic revolution and warlords, the severe interruption and harm caused by the War of Resistance to Japan / World War II, ten years " The Cultural Revolution "catastrophe, the ideological opposition between Western capitalist countries and Eastern socialist countries, and major domestic and international events and factors such as continuous squeezing and blowing of the former, which has caused the process of modernization in China to be forced to interrupt and stagnate from time to time. Even staged reversal and failure. It can be said that it was not until the late 1970s that China's modernization really entered its relatively normal and calm and rapid development stage, which has continued for more than 40 years. Therefore, for more than a hundred years in modern times, China's modernization process is not coherent, and it is not calm. Internal and external problems have always existed. In other words, China's modern social experience is insufficient, which has caused China's modernity to not yet fully show it. This is why China's modernity method and path have not yet obtained internationally acknowledged -although this situation is changing- One of the main reasons.

Understanding the above background and history is the most important condition for us to recognize China's modernity. It is also more valuable to understand the recent 40 years of reform and opening up. The modernization of China's modernization in the era of reform and opening up has been recognized as "a miracle of the world economy", but this "recognized" is still limited to the field of economic life rather than in the sense of "modernity". The "comprehensive building of a well -off society" marks the beginning of China's modernization that has begun to enter a new stage, that is, the new stage of truly began to increase the "predecessor threshold" and entered a comprehensive "modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics". The advent of this new stage means that Chinese modernity theory and thought based on the experience of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics are breaking out of the shell. Therefore, exploring and understanding that China's modernity has quickly highlighted the era of the era of contemporary Chinese society and Chinese self -awareness, and it is also a major challenge issue that contemporary world re -understand China and understand Chinese modernity. In this regard, to clarify and confirm the real mirror of China's modernity and make it enter the world modernity map, not only is it just at the time, but also in Sepa, which is particularly urgent and key.

Another prerequisite external condition or background is that China's modernization process has entered a period of reform and opening up for more than 40 years, showing a relatively rapid development state. However, with the hindrance of the globalization movement in recent years, especially the trend of "against globalization" and "anti -globalization", the process of modernization and rapid development of China's modernization is facing new pressure and challenges. The reasons, methods, characteristics, and processes The complexity is unprecedented, and it needs enough attention and consideration.

The modernity of Chinese modernization is Chinese modernization, especially the crystallization of the practical experience of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. It is in its initial period, so it has not fully showed its potential in some aspects. However, the main elements and basic characteristics of China's modernity are clearly visible. It is not difficult to see from the following aspects:

(1) Continuously open market economy and economic globalization expansion. On the one hand, the national economic development has entered a new stage of "comprehensive well -off", eliminating absolute poverty and starting to the level of "medium -developed countries", ending the low tide period of China's "backwardness and beating" in recent times; on the other hand, China has become 130 in the world The largest trading country in the country and region is also the country with the most global import and export trade today. The trade with the three major economies of ASEAN, the European Union and the United States has reached more than 800 billion US dollars. This is an unprecedented record in the history of modern international trade. Practice has proven and is still increasingly strengthened the rationality and effectiveness of the Chinese -style economic globalization method. vitality.

(2) Highly autonomy of national politics, "full process democracy" and international political integration and power are continuously enhanced. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government, and the Chinese people have been making unyielding efforts for national independence and national politics. The "whole process of democracy" in the center has really constructed the political democratic model of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Historical experience and lessons make us deeply understand: the country's political independence and the construction of the people's democracy, first of all, depend on the national strength of the nation -state, depend on the joint participation and unity of all people. At the same time, only by continuous economic hardness, political, and cultural soft power of a strong country, can we finally strive and ensure the international status of political autonomy and peaceful equality in the nation -state. The self -confidence in theory, roads, systems, culture, and history is a sign of the high degree of autonomy of national political and international political integration. The fairness and justice of international equality cooperation with global polarization constitutes the basic value position of China's diplomacy and has won increasing international identity. (3) The increasingly complete modern industrialization manufacturing system of rapid growth and improvement and the basic methods of modern production and modern social development with knowledge innovation and technology improvement. As a country with the most complete modern industrial production system or the "product manufacturing chain" today, China has quickly completed its own industrialization construction by accelerating the overtaking. The full consciousness of cutting -edge science and technology, seeking technology transformation from scale to connotative quality, strives for a strong picture in various contemporary cutting -edge science and technology fields, showing an increasingly strong and active new development pattern. From the rapid jump of scientific and technological papers to the rapid growth of the number of intellectual property declarations, to the rapid development of the construction of high -tech research platform and the training of high -tech talents, as well as smart transportation, intelligent communities, intelligent medical, intelligent, intelligent, intelligent, intelligent The rapid rise in education and intelligent management has shown that the development of Chinese society is entering a new stage of highly scientific and technological, intelligent, digital, and network information.

(4) New cultural development concept and increasingly perfect national education system. Like all modern countries, the true modernization of the country is first of all the human knowledge and cultural quality. The establishment of the modern education system is both the guarantee of modern knowledge and talent resources, but also the main growth point and distribution center of science and technology as the "first productive forces" of modern society. Human modern knowledge, abilities, culture and other quality equipment are modern. Fundamental signs and final proofs. In the past 70 years of the founding of New China, especially in more than 40 years of reform and opening up, Chinese education has developed rapidly at unprecedented speed, scale and quality. With the recovery of the "college entrance examination" system in the late 1970s, especially with the continuous enhancement of national economic strength in the past decade and huge investment in education, from basic education to higher education and vocational technical education, the modern education system has become increasingly complete The system, quality and quantity have gained rapid growth. According to official statistics, the national financial investment has exceeded 4%of the annual national fiscal revenue. The current gross enrollment rate of basic education in China has exceeded 95%. It is close to the level of middle -developed countries. At the same time, the cultural and moral quality education of the people has also improved and developed, not only rapidly reduced the illiterate rate, but also rapidly improved and enriched daily cultural life. More importantly, as the party and the country put "cultural confidence" in the same important position as the same theory, self -confidence, and institutional confidence in the past 100 years, a long -term disputed cultural problem has been clear and scientific. Answer, this is how to treat our own traditional culture. The party and the country take "creative transformation and innovative development" as the fundamental policy to correctly treat our own excellent traditional culture. In fact The cultural problem that is always difficult to break through the east and west.

(5) The global ecological ecological ethics position of "Beautiful China" and the global ecological ecological ethics of "green low -carbon". Compared with most of the early modern industrialization countries in history, although China once failed to exceed the initial "pain" of "great development with great pollution", it can get rid of this "pain" in a short time and quickly, and quickly get rid of this "pain" and quickly quickly, quickly, and quickly get rid of this "pain" and quickly. Transfer to the construction of ecological civilization. my country takes the construction of ecological civilization as one of the five major strategic goals of the country's modern development. At the same time, actively participates in and organizes the global ecological and environmental undertakings with the attitude of "responsible great powers". It has an important role. In fact, in less than 20 years, the achievements of China's ecological civilization construction far exceeded the expectations of people, which surprised the world. For example, in the past ten years, China's new forest planting green area accounts for about 70 % of the world's new forest planting area, and the effective governance area of ​​the desert has also appeared similar. From the rapid pollution brought about by large -scale industrialization to the environmental protection miracles created by ecological environmental protection, the speed of ecological governance, the scale of environmental protection, and the "green" effect are unprecedented. Today, China is turning towards the golden mountains and silver mountains, making the people living in the ideal goal of the beautiful New China in the mountains and rivers and Qingheqing. Of course, the successful experience of Chinese modernization practice is of course not only the above five aspects, but even from these five aspects, the experience experience of Chinese modernization and its condensed Chinese modern spiritual character is attracting great attention from the world. With the uniqueness and generalization of growth. On the surface, the basic form or elements of Chinese modernization are not much different from Western modernity. However, the inherent character and spiritual characteristics of Chinese modernity are very important and even fundamental to Western modernity. This important difference between these important and even fundamental differences in this truth requires not only the theoretical and ideological "Self-Assertion", "Self-Ragumentation", and " Self-Justification needs to be analyzed by an objective, real and fully complete mutual cultural comparative analysis with the help of a kind of objective, real, and fully complete mutual cultural analysis to highlight the uniqueness, effectiveness, and (most important) legality of China's modernity.

Third, the overlapping and difference of Chinese and Western modernity

Sino -Western modernity is not only a popular Chinese modern research idea and method, but also a more typical significance and reasonable and effective research path. This article selects a comparative analysis of modernity of Chinese and Western modernity from the aspects of economics, politics, science and technology and culture. Given the topic of the topic, the comparative analysis of this article can only be a stick sketch in the macro sense.

Unlike Western personal liberal expansion market economy models based on personal freedom / rights centers and capital / interests, the Chinese market economy is based on the fair competition of equal considerations of efficiency and fairness, social rights and social responsibility, public capital and non -public capital competition. The open market economy based on it, so it advocates and implemented the "tangible hand" of the "tangible government" and the "invisible hands" of the free market. This "two -handed strength" means: (1) open markets, encourage capital free flow, emphasize existing free competition, and reasonable and orderly social cooperation; (2) not only encourage the free flow of capital and the market High -efficiency configuration, and preventing social erosion or even political intervention in capital monopoly and capital, such as encouraging all market economy methods that help the reasonable allocation of market resources and efficient development, especially the free and orderly development of small and medium -sized enterprises and private enterprises. It is forbidden for the social and politicalization of all capital gate valves and capital interest groups to prevent commercial capitalization of social politics and culture; The logical expansion of the "whale swallow" to prevent it from eroding or harming national politics, social culture, and social fairness. In short, supporting the market economy, opposing market society, and reasonable and effectively exerting the "tangible hand" of the "tangible government" and the "invisible hands" of the free market, which is the basic characteristics and of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. Main identification.

Unlike the "one -person and one vote" and the "election democracy" model of "one person, one vote" and the party election method, and the pursuit of self -priority is different from the international imperialist political model of international expansion. China's modern political democracy has two outstanding characteristics. First, the political democracy of modern China is based on the core concept of "the people's head as the master", that is, the fundamental political concept of "rivers and mountains is the people, and the people are Jiangshan", emphasizing the autonomy and universality of the people of national politics, even as the governance as a governance. The Communist Party of China must also always use "serving the people wholeheartedly" as its highest political purpose, so it is a substantial and general and thorough people's democratic politics. Second, in view of the historical experience of the nation -country, especially the heavy historical experience of the life and death of the Chinese nation since modern times, and the "national -national" context of modern international politics, the international political logic of modern imperialism and social Darwinism, and its Actual evolution, the democratic politics of modern China always emphasizes and adheres to the independence and autonomy of national politics and the principle of the principle of being equal -regardless of size, regardless of the size, regardless of the size. The high degree of autonomy and international equality of this national politics are both the political and cultural traditions of independence and "Concorde Wanbang" that China have been independent since ancient times. The specific embodiment of international political claims of equality. In short, the people's democracy and multi -polar equality international democracy insisted on the "whole process", opposed to monoclonal international hegemonism and imperialism, is the two basic directions of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. This is the inherent requirements and external claims of developing socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics. Continuous "people's democracy". Scientific and technological rationality is the inherent motivation that can be generated and rapidly improved in modern society, and it is also the spiritual characteristics of scientific rationalism in modernity. It must be acknowledged that modern science and technology rationality is a major contribution of Western modernity to human modern civilization, and it is also the iconic achievement of modern civilization that can surpass and greatly exceed ancient civilization. It is the scientific and technological progress that rely on the crescents of the day that modern society can create unprecedented rich material civilization and a new spirit of rationalism. In terms of science and technology rationality, instead of the overlapping surface of the two modernity of China and the West, the differences are continuously expanding, and the differences are increasingly narrowing. It is also a matter of saying that scientific and technological rationality constitutes the basic level of modernity in human society. It should be noted that due to the increasingly closely linked of modern technology (especially applied technology) with capital and market interests, national blockade and regional isolation in the field of intellectual property and high -tech are becoming more and more serious. Obstacles. What's more serious is that if you only rely on the political stance and political needs of a certain country or national group, you will use the name of protecting intellectual property to bring the political ideology and "privatization" of science and technology itself. The general truth principle, and it will definitely cause incredible harm to the progress and popularity of human science and technology. A scientific and rational attitude should only be, adhere to the truth, explore the truth, and learn the truth, rather than monopoly truth, or even the "only one" or "truth master" with the truth, based on the non -scientific position " Output truth ". Many researchers have frankly pointed out that the reason why the United States can drift from a "new visitor" in a short period of time has grown rapidly to the modern empire, except for its "pioneering cattle" spirit and "universal election" In addition to the political system of democracy, an extremely important experience is its open knowledge talent introduction and the national cultural strategy that is good at learning. Once this strategy is no longer effective, its development and strongness will be seriously challenged. Constant opening, hard work, and humbling learning are the useful experiences we have learned from advanced modern countries, and it is also the modern experience created and accumulated by us through continuous reform and opening up practice.

Culture is the spiritual core of civilization. Civilization can be converged, but culture cannot be converged, because culture is always and first of all, "local" or even "spectrum" and "Tacit Knowledge" and the value belief system, not possible Simple knowledge system with the same theoretical logic. According to the research of Western scholars, Western modernity originated from the "two gratitude traditions", that is, the so -called ancient religious tradition and the ancient Greek philosophy tradition. Dichotomy's dialectical conflict tragedy is essentially an extravagant and aggressive cultural type. In contrast, traditional Chinese culture, which is a preliminary and cultural premise of Chinese modernity, is mainly the diverse integration or "harmony" flexible of Confucianism, the combination of the three religions of Confucianism,,,,, Buddhism, the Taoism, Taoism, and Taoism. culture. In the context of modern world, how to cook Chinese and Western culture -and then all possible encounters, conflicts and compatibility between Chinese and foreign culture -are major cultural issues that need to be faced seriously, even a cultural and political issue Essence At the same time, in terms of the context of domestic culture, how to realize the "creative transformation" and "innovative development" of traditional Chinese culture is still a real and urgent Chinese modern cultural issue. All in all, the differences and conflicts of cultural modernity are by far the most complicated problem in the study of modernity in China and the West (foreign). In a sense, it can even be said that this is also the last problem of Chinese modernity. To solve this problem, the conversation and understanding of the modernity of Chinese and Western and Chinese and foreign modernity is possible. It can be said that strive to achieve the "creative transformation and innovative development" of its own excellent traditional culture, create a new socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, and at the same time realize its open dialogue and cultural sharing with multiculturalism with out -of -the -world cultures. Modern development of socialist culture. As in the beginning of the statement, "modernity" is a very complicated and modern concept that is still in the open construction. No one, any group or any country have the right to monopolize the concept of "modernity". On the contrary, each civilized country or region has the right to enrich or correct the connotation of the concept, understanding and expression method of the concept of "modernity" based on its own modern practical experience. Nevertheless, the goal of "modernity" should still be publicity and understandable, but the way to achieve or define the "modernity" may and actually be differentiated and diverse. In terms of Western proverbs, although there is only one in Rome, the "road roads connect Rome" can also be returned. Allowing a variety of different "modernity" and practical paths is exactly the inevitable and "nature" (nature) of human civilization diversity and international political diversity, and the diversification of human culture. Any homogeneity and proposition of any civilization and culture will lead to the imperialism of modern civilization and culture. It is difficult to truly win the general recognition of human society, and it is even less effective.

Economic globalization is the first step in achieving the goal of "modernity" of human society. It is also the way to do it. Any "anti -globalization" and "anti -globalization" claims and behaviors will hinder or even interrupt human society leading to "modernity" to "modernity". The process of ideal goals. There is no economic globalization "modernity" proposition and action, which can only be regional or group's "modernity". There is no universal human significance. Although the concept of globalization and global practice itself also shows a trend of diversity and diversification Essence History and practical experience prove that "building a community of human destiny" is the most suitable and most explanatory concept of seeking the most suitable and explanatory concept of seeking "modernity". "Universalism", "universalism", "worldism" and "globalism". This is the latest understanding of human modernity in contemporary China, and it is also our solemn commitment to build new international relations and new human communities in human society.

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