From village banks to Rural Commercial Bank, how to get these more than 300 financial risks "hard bones"

After a period of high -speed development in my country's financial industry, a certain financial risk has been produced and accumulated. In the global economic downturn, the impact of the overweight pneumonia epidemic, the risks of some areas and industries in my country have further gathered, and the real economic risk has accelerated to the financial industry. A few financial institutions have become high -risk institutions.

Although the number of high -risk institutions has declined in recent years, from the recent problems exposed by individual villages and town banks in Henan, Anhui and other places, the agricultural credit institutions (Agricultural Commercial Bank, Agricultural Credit Cooperative, Agricultural Cooperative Bank), village and towns banks are the main bodys. The risks of high -risk banking financial institutions should not be underestimated. Take multiple measures to actively and stabilize the resolution of risk resolution of high -risk financial institutions, and become an important task to prevent and resolve major financial risks.

1. The number of high -risk institutions declines year by year

High -risk financial institutions generally refer to serious problems in corporate governance, internal control, risk management, etc., with high asset -liability ratios, poor asset quality, or a large threat and may cause liquidity crisis. Refers to high -risk banking financial institutions. Generally speaking, high -risk financial institutions present three characteristics: serious insufficient capital or loss of capital, and it is difficult for institutions to continue to operate normally, and it cannot resist risks by itself.

The identification and identification of high -risk agencies has initially established a set of standards and methods. For example, the Basel Bank Commission issued the "Identification and Copper Guide of the Problem Bank" in 2015, and defined the high -risk bank as: poor asset quality, weak profitability, severe capital loss, high leverage, and excessive risk exposure ( For example, the risk concentration is too high), the reputation risk and the risk of liquidity are outstanding. This definition standard has become a commonly followed standard worldwide. The China Banking Regulatory Commission establishes a commercial bank supervision and rating system. The rating results are divided into level 1-6 and S -Class. The larger the value, the greater the risk of the institution. The rating result is a high -risk institution with a rating result of level 5 and 6. For banks with a rating result of level 5, the implementation of risk disposal plans shall be formulated; for banks with a rating result of level 6, regulators can arrange reorganization, take over or implement market exit according to law.

The People's Bank of China officially launched the banking financial institution rating system in 2018. It is carried out once a quarter. The rating level is divided into level 1-10 and D -level. The higher the level, the greater the risk of the institution. The institution is D. Among them, rating results 1-5 are "green areas", rating 6-7 levels are "yellow zone", and rating results 8-D level 8-D is "red zone" (high risk institution). For high -risk institutions, the central bank has adopted more stringent restrictions on financial policy support, business access, and re -loan credit.

According to the results of banking financial institutions released by the central bank, the number of high-risk institutions at the end of 8-D at the end of 2018 to 2021 is 587, 545, 442, and 316, respectively, and the proportion of participating institutions is 13.5%and 12.4, respectively. %, 10.0%, 7.2%. From the perspective of rating results, high -risk agencies mainly present three aspects of characteristics: First, from the perspective of quantity and proportion, the number and proportion of high -risk institutions declined year by year, and the number has fallen by half from the 649 peak level in the third quarter of 2019; Second, from the perspective of institutional types, it is mainly concentrated in the agricultural credit institution and village banks. In 2021, the high -risk institutions of the two types of institutions accounted for 91.4%of all high -risk institutions, and the urban commercial bank also had a certain percentage. The risk status of each region is very different. In 2021, high -risk institutions are mainly concentrated in 4 provinces.

In March 2022, the Central Bank's Financial Stability Bureau published an article "The Basic Fund of Financial Risks and Convergence and Stability is more reliable." This shows that my country will also drop 116 high -risk institutions by the end of 2025.

2. Accelerate the disposal of high -risk institutions

Internationally, after the previous financial crisis, it is often accompanied by the closure of financial institutions, which has triggered panic and violent shocks in the financial market. Although there is no financial crisis in our country, the disposal insurance of high -risk financial institutions is still promising. Although the number and proportion of high -risk institutions have declined significantly in recent years, the remaining is basically "hard bones", which is more difficult for subsequent disposal insurance and challenge more. In addition, my country's financial market is under development, financial consumer risk tolerance is weak, and high -risk institutions are treated with the whole body. Therefore, we must pay more attention to and actively promote the disposal of high -risk financial institutions, and grasp the intensity and rhythm during the treatment of insurance. This is not only a key task for preventing and resolving major financial risks and maintaining financial stability, but also an important measure to protect the legitimate rights and interests of financial consumers and maintain social stability.

It should be said that my country has accumulated some experience and cases in taking over and disposing of high -risk financial institutions. In 1998, Hainan Development Bank was announced by the central bank because of failure to settle its due debts in a timely manner, stopped all its business activities, and designated the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China to host its debt. In 2001, the Commercial Bank of Shantou Municipal Commercial Bank could not be maintained due to severe funding and non -debt and operation. After 10 years of risk disposal, the reorganization was renamed Guangdong Huaxing Bank in September 2011. In 2019, the Central Bank and the Banking Insurance Regulatory Commission took over the charges of charges that had serious credit risks. Its assets liabilities and institutions and businesses were undertaken by Mongolian Commercial Bank and Huishang Bank. Commercial banks in the market. In addition, in recent years, my country has also handled high -risk institutions such as Jinzhou Bank and Hengfeng Bank. In the next step, we should attach great importance to and further improve the relevant system and mechanism arrangements, and take various effective measures to increase the disposal and insurance of high -risk financial institutions.

The first is to improve the institutional arrangement of high -risk institutions. The disposal and exit mechanism of high -risk financial institutions is an important part of the financial security network. It is necessary to attach great importance to and plan ahead, improve the system construction, and face the problems and deficiencies in a scientific attitude to promote the orderly disposal and exit of high -risk institutions in an orderly manner to ensure that my country's financial stability and financial security. It is necessary to accelerate the introduction of the "Financial Stability Law", establish a manifestation mechanism for the marketization of legalization, clarify the principles, responsibilities, measures and tools, and give the disposal departments corresponding legal authorization, including the implementation of the disposal agency in accordance with the law to promote reorganization, take over, custody, etc. , Exercise the management rights of the financial institutions; transfer part of the part or all business, assets and liabilities of the financial institutions to a third -party institution.

The second is to play the liquidity rescue role of deposit insurance. After the international financial crisis in 2008, deposit insurance funds in many countries or regions actually participated in the liquidity assistance of high -risk financial institutions, and accumulated more practical experience. At present, although my country's "Deposit Insurance Regulations" stipulate the basic form of rescue and disposal of deposit insurance funds, the relative principles are stipulated. The implementation rules for the management and use of deposit insurance funds should be formulated as soon as possible, the scope of the responsibilities of refining the deposit insurance fund management agency, clarifying the disposal principles, disposal methods, and disposal procedures used by the deposit insurance fund, enrich the rescue measures of deposit insurance institutions and clarify the corresponding obligations of the rescue institutions Essence At the same time, the establishment of a financial stability guarantee fund and establishing a more market -oriented mechanism for maintaining financial stability and financial risk disposal.

The third is to promote market -oriented mergers and reorganizations of high -risk institutions. For urban commercial banks, agricultural credit institutions, and village banks with small scale and difficulty in operating, it is a real choice to promote the reform of provincial urban commercial banks and municipal agricultural and commercial banks through mergers and reorganization to promote the reform of the system and mechanism and enhance risk resistance. In terms of form, more explorations can be performed in the future. If the smaller county -level agricultural and commercial banks and agricultural credit cooperatives are merged and reorganized; village banks with poor operations are incorporated as branches; Participate in the supervisory requirements of the same control. However, the local governments that dominate the merger and reorganize should not engage in simple "Lazhuo". Instead, they should introduce a market -oriented mechanism to properly arrange the equity structure, institutional reorganization, and executive equipment.

The fourth is to increase the disposal of non -performing assets of high -risk institutions. High -risk institutions have a heavy historical burden, but there are fewer non -performing asset disposal methods and single means. More differentiated measures should be taken, and multiple measures should be taken together to comprehensively use various methods such as cash collection, independent nuclear sales, non -performing asset transfer, and securitization of non -performing assets to further increase non -performing asset processing and increase the speed of non -performing asset processing. Should relax policy restrictions, encourage more market entities to actively participate in non -performing asset disposal, innovate methods and means, and improve the supply capacity of non -performing asset disposal markets. At the same time, high -risk institutions are incorporated into the pilot of non -performing asset transfer as soon as possible. Local governments should come up with more "real gold and silver", and strongly support the treatment of non -performing assets for high -risk institutions in terms of tax reduction and debt restructuring.

Fifth, continue to improve the level of governance of small and medium -sized banking companies. From the aspects of shareholders 'qualifications, affiliated transactions, organizational structures, etc., strengthen the governance system and capabilities of small and medium -sized companies: First, implement penetrating supervision of shareholders' qualifications, clean up unqualified shareholders in a timely manner, and prevent banks as "small vaults" and "withdrawal of withdrawals" and "withdrawal of withdrawals. "The machine"; the second is to clarify the scope and process of affiliated transactions, increase the review and supervision of major affiliated transactions, reduce the risks of related transactions, and prevent the unfair affiliated transactions of major shareholders. "Fully perform their duties, improve the effectiveness of the company's governance mechanism, especially the checks and balance mechanism, and establish an effective liquidity risk management structure. In particular, choose the "first -hander" to improve the professional quality and compliance awareness of key and important positions.

3. Strengthen the steady development of small and medium banks

Internationally, for more than two decades, high -risk financial institutions have accelerated significantly. For example, in Germany, the number of commercial bank institutions from 1991 to 2019 decreased by nearly a third, and the number of credit cooperative institutions decreased by about three -quarters. After the financial crisis in the United States, Japan and other countries, the number of banking financial institutions has also decreased significantly. Through mergers and reorganizations, the scale of a single institution of small and medium -sized banks has expanded, and the ability to resist risks has increased. For example, the average asset size at the end of 2019 was five times that of the end of 2000. In my country, high -risk institutions are mainly concentrated in small and medium -sized banks such as agricultural credit institutions and village banks. Therefore, in addition to mergers and reorganizations and poor disposal, more importantly, it is more important to take practical measures, optimize the development environment, promote the steady development of small and medium -sized banks, and fundamentally generate Fanfang's high -risk institutions. This is the rule.

First, attach importance to the role of small and medium -sized banks and accurately locate small and medium banks. Serving the real economy is the duty of banks and the foundation of preventing risks. The development of small and medium -sized banking institutions, increasing the main body of financial supply, and serving small and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households will help fill the market that is difficult for large financial institutions in my country to take into account, thereby improving the inadequate and balanced financial services. It is necessary to take measures to prevent the "extrusion effects" brought by large -scale non -market -oriented excessive sinking to small and medium -sized banks, and to promote small and medium banks to truly become an important part of multi -level and wide coverage of the banking institution system.

Second, implement differentiated supervision and optimize the policy environment of small and medium banks. In recent years, while strengthening the supervision of financial institutions in system importance, major economies around the world have relaxed the supervision requirements of small and medium -sized financial institutions. For example, the United States amended the Dorde -Frank Act in 2018 to reduce the burden on the supervision of small banks. my country should further implement differentiated supervision, support small and medium -sized banks to play the advantages of market -oriented mechanism, steadily promote product and service innovation, and obtain comparative advantages. In addition, support should be increased from the aspects of taxation and finance, such as reducing the income tax rate and operating tax rate of agricultural credit institutions and private banks.

Third, support small and medium -sized banks to broaden the source of funds and enhance capital strength. Capital supplement is an important means to enhance risk resistance. Small and medium -sized banks should be supported to accelerate the establishment of capital supplementary long -term mechanisms. For example, appropriately optimize the qualifications of shareholders, simplify the approval process, and support small and medium -sized banks to introduce qualified shareholders for capital increase and shareholding; relax the access conditions, support small and medium -sized banks to issue priority shares, sustainable bonds, convertible bonds, secondary capital bonds, etc.; Increase Support more high -quality small and medium -sized banks to go public; revise relevant measures to facilitate low -cost funds for small and medium -sized banks to issue financial bonds such as financial bonds.

Fourth, support small and medium -sized banks to further enhance service capabilities. Implement the "Financial Science and Technology Development Plan (2022-2025)" and "Guiding Opinions on Digital Transformation of the Banking Insurance Industry", etc., support SMB to establish R & D centers in provincial capital cities, introduce professional talents, make good use of fintech, and cultivate a group of " Specialized new "small and medium banks, focusing on changing the current situation of small and medium banks. Broaden ideas and support small and medium -sized banks to apply for business qualifications and licenses. If a number of small and medium -sized banks jointly initiated and introduced the joint launch of external cooperation agencies, etc. to support small and medium -sized banks to apply for wealth management companies.

Of course, small and medium -sized banks must continuously improve corporate governance, change institutional mechanisms, strengthen talent training, accelerate digital transformation, and enhance the endogenous capabilities of sustainable development and risk prevention and control.

- END -