It can only form a 1 cm Northeast black land in 400 years.

"China Economic Weekly" reporter Sun Bing | Beijing report

The people are based on food and food. Grain safety is the "big of the country", and the cultivated land is the "life root" of food production, which is related to whether the Chinese can firmly be in their own rice bowls.

The results of the third national land survey showed that as of the end of 2019, my country's arable land area reached 1.918 billion mu, achieving the goals of 1.865 billion acres and 1.825 billion mu of arable land determined by the State Council in 2020 and 2030.

Does this mean that 1.4 billion people's rice bowls have been guaranteed? In fact, in addition to the requirements of the "1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line", the quality of cultivated land cannot be ignored. We must not only leave enough cultivated land for future generations, but also to ensure that the fertile fields are left, not the poor soil that is "hollowed out".

Taking the black land in the northeast as an example, it is a precious soil resources. It is called "giant panda in cultivated land". It takes about 400 years to form a 1 cm black soil layer. But now, this "gift of nature" is thinning, thinning, and hardening.

The first legislation, the protection of black land is urgent

On August 1st this year, the "Black Land Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" will be officially implemented. This law is also the first time that my country has the first time to protect the black land protection legislation.

In fact, in recent years, the government has issued a series of relevant policies on the protection of black soil: "Outline of Northeast Black Land Protection Plan (2017-2030)" and "Northeast Black Land Protection Plan (2020-2025) "National Black Land Protection Project Implementation Plan (2021-2025) ..."

Frequent news came from Chen Wenfu, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and director of the Institute of Rice Research, the Institute of Earlier of Shenyang Agricultural University. Chen Wenfu is one of the important founders of my country's super rice breeding theory and practice research, and an important pioneer in the field of biological charcoal research in my country. As a representative of the three National People's Congress, he has repeatedly provided suggestions to protect national food security and protect the northeast black land.

"Compared with other major powers in the world, China has very few arable land per capita, only about 1.35 acres, and nearly 7.5 acres of cultivated land in the United States, and Russia per capita arable land exceeds 12.5 acres. In the past, 400 million people couldn't eat enough 1.4 billion people today, relying on policies, technology and investment. "Chen Wenfu said in an interview with China Economic Weekly.

In Chen Wenfu's view, the realization of this great achievement has also paid a huge price. In order to ensure the production of food, the country is desperately strengthening the output of cultivated land. Therefore, not just the black land in the Northeast, in fact, most of the country in the country is degraded. "Although the degradation of black land is also caused by extreme weather, it is mainly caused by artificial activities and excessive development. For a long time, we have cultivated too much, excessive strength and insufficient care." Chen Wenfu said.

The vast northeast black land is a very important "granary" in China. The grain output on the black land accounts for about a quarter of the country's total grain output. It is a stabilizer and compressor stones for my country's food safety.

In the past, the people in the Northeast would use "inserting roots of chopsticks to germinate" to describe the fertileness of black land. However, long -term excessive development and unreasonable utilization leading to "thinning, thinning, and hardening" of black land, if measures are not taken in time, the sustainable development of black land will be affected.

According to the "White Paper of Northeast Black Land (2020)" (hereinafter referred to as the "White Paper") released by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2021, in the past 60 years, the organic matter content of the cultivation layer of the cultivated layer of black land in my country has dropped by one -third, and some areas even decreased by 50 50 %. In 2019, the area of ​​black and soil loss in the northeast has accounted for 20.1%of the total area of ​​black land, and the black soil layer is eroding loss at a rate of 0.1 to 0.5 cm per year. According to the formation of the black soil layer, this means that the black soil layer lost in the year may take a hundred years of accumulation to form.

In order to use more food to use chemical fertilizers, and the use of chemical fertilizers will accelerate the degradation of the land. Chen Wenfu had predicted that if the Northeast Black Earth continued to degenerate at the current speed, the Northeast Black Earth may not exist in the future.

The use of protection is not contradictory, breeding rice is the best way to "use both"

In recent years, the central and local governments have paid more and more attention to the protection of black land, so related research has also become hot. Chen Wenfu believes that this is a good thing, but it must also adhere to the scientific vision and rigorous attitude, and adopt a sustainable and large -scale protection method.

Chen Wenfu believes that whether it is food safety or black land protection, it is necessary to follow a basic principle, that is, our country is a country with a large population but relatively scarce cultivation of cultivated land resources and water resources. Too big, you can only rely on yourself, "95%of China's rice bowls have to install your own food." This also means that it is necessary to maintain food to increase the production and protect the land, and protect the land that is not suitable for copying foreign recreational measures.

For example, at present, it is exploring all parts of northeast China to make black soil "reborn" by protecting sexual cultivation, straw returning, and adding organic fertilizer. As early as 2005, Chen Wenfu began to lead the team in China to carry out the research on "carbonization of straw" through biological carbon technology. In other words, this technology is to turn straw into biological charcoal and return to the soil, which is equivalent to "feeding" soil to achieve soil improvement. At present, the application of biological carbon technology has been promoted in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Anhui, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. Welcome. Chen Wenfu believes that these channels and methods are available, especially on the dry field, or for the soil that has been degenerated. "But I have always emphasized that if both effective protection and make full use of black land to achieve sustainable development, the best way is to grow rice." He said.

According to Chen Wenfu, rice is suitable for continuous work, and the roots are large. According to actual measurement, under air -drying conditions, the weight ratio of rice seeds, stems and roots is roughly 1: 1: 0.75. If the rice is 600kg per mu, there are about 450kg of the roots of about 450kg. If the height of the rice plant is 1.0m and the high rice stubble is 0.25m high, there will be about 150kg of straw in the field, that is, 600kg of rice yield per mu, and about 600kg root is left in the soil. Scientific research shows that rice fields can basically maintain the organic matter balance of soil every year in rice fields to return 350kg each year.

On the other hand, compared with the dry field, the paddy field has been in flooding state for a long time. It not only has artificial wetland function, but also has a slow decomposition and mineralization of organic matter under the conditions of flooding environment. The speed is greater than the speed of decomposition, and the humus can be accumulated, then the black land can be protected, recovered and sustainable.

Chen Wenfu believes that from a historical point of view, the reason why the Yangtze River Basin is not as serious as the land degradation of the Yellow River Basin, and has a lot to do with planting rice in the history of the Yangtze River Basin. Moreover, the current situation of black land in Northeast China also proves this. For example, in the rice planting area around Sanjiang and Xingkai Lake, the black land is not degraded. Degenerate is mainly dry fields. For example, the Jilin pear trees with severe degradation are planted in dry field crops such as corn and peanuts all year round.

The data in the white paper also shows that more than 60%of the drought farmland occurred.

Policies+technology+investment, joint effort to realize "black soil fat rice fragrance"

It also protects the black land in Northeast China. It is necessary to ensure the safety of national food, but also to benefit the peasants and let the people eat well. It is still inseparable from our past valuable experience: "policy+technology+investment" joint efforts.

As a representative of the National People's Congress, Leng Youbin, the chairman of Feihe Dairy, has also raised the problem of black soil protection. He believes that the protection of black land involves planting technology, agricultural machinery equipment, irrigation water conservancy, seeds, etc. Long -term projects, large investment, difficulty, and slow results. This is unable to reach the farmers who use the land to use the land in family contracting.

This means that it is not enough to increase the enthusiasm of farmers' land protection. So, how can we encourage farmers to grow good food and farm? Chen Wenfu said that there is a saying in the Northeast in the Northeast that "which is hot, and wherever you can sit". The enthusiasm of farmers depends to a large extent on the country's policy direction.

For example, breeding rice is not only conducive to the protection of black soil, but also one of the best choices for land from the perspective of farmers. Because rice breeding is suitable for mechanized production and has stable yield. Unless there is no water, or rice prices are unreasonable.

Rice involves the ration arrangements of the people across the country. They are afraid of the wounds of Gui Gui, but they cannot hurt farmers. This does test the wisdom of decision makers.

For example, in recent years, the shortage of feed has caused many Northeast farmers to change corn from rice. Therefore, Chen Wenfu suggested that if the supply of rice in a region in Northeast China increases, the industrial structure can be made through policies. "There are many places to grow corn, which can be planted from Heilongjiang to Hainan Island, but Northeast rice is irreplaceable." He said.

The more critical problem is to solve the problem of water, which is also the key factor in developing Northeast rice planting. Chen Wenfu believes that the Northeast is not without water, but is unreasonable. For example, Heilongjiang's "Two Rivers and One Lake" (Wusi River, Heilongjiang, and Xingkai Lake) water resources are very rich, but unfortunately, the utilization rate is very low, and they all flow abroad. Due to the lack of large farmland water conservancy projects, surface water can only flow away, and farmers have to plant rice and use a large amount of groundwater, and the decline in groundwater levels will also cause wetland and soil degradation.

Therefore, Chen Wenfu suggested that the state should re -plan the layout of Northeast Water Resources from the strategic height of ensuring food safety, black land protection and sustainable use, and combined with the construction of high -standard farmland of the "14th Five -Year Plan" to come to a large comprehensive integration. Water conservancy projects, especially farmland water conservancy project construction, completely solve the problem of ecological construction and agricultural sustainable development in the Northeast.

For example, through the northwater southward transfer and Dongshui, the Heilong River, the Wusi River, the Yalu River, Xingkai Lake and other boundary rivers and the water resources of the Jiehu Lake are fully used to achieve the penetration of the river and lakes, and the surface water with the surface water instead of the groundwater. Moderate expanding the existing rice planting area, and can also effectively protect the black land.

Judging from the current rice planting in the northeast, there are about 60 million acres of Heilongjiang, more than 12 million acres of Jilin, and more than 7 million acres of Liaoning, with a total of about 80 million acres."In the future, if the area of rice cultivation can be achieved over 100 million acres, it means that more than 100 million mu of black soil will never degenerate, and it can also become a national granary." Chen Wenfu said.Kuragi, the world.The "grain" strategy of the great country is both a national strategy and the lives of the people.Black soil fat, rice fragrance, to win the battle of black land, it may require the efforts of a generation or even several generations.

Responsible | Yao Kun

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